The rare olean-18(19)-ene triterpenoids moradiol and moronic acid were synthesized from betulin, and their antiviral properties were investigated.

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, location and type of katG mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from patients in Belarus. Forty two isoniazid-resistant isolates were identiÞ ed from sputum of 163 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Drug susceptibility testing was determined by using CDC standard conventional proportional method and BACTEC system. Standard PCR method for detection of isoniazid resistance associated mutations was performed by katG gene ampliÞ cation and DNA sequencing. Most mutations were found in katG gene codons 315, 316 and 309. Four types of mutations were identiÞ ed in codon 315: AGC→ACC (n = 36) 85%, AGC→AGG (n = 1) 2.3%, AGC→AAC (n = 2) 4.7%, AGC→GGC (n = 1) 2.3%. One type of mutation was found in codon 316: GGC→AGC (n = 18)41.4%, four types of mutations were detected in codon 309: GGT→GGT (n = 7)16.1%, GGT→GCT (n = 4)9.2%, GGT→GTC (n = 3)6.9%, GGT→GGG (n = 1)2.7%. The highest frequency of mutations sharing between primary and secondary infections was found in codon 315.

As Belarus is a high-burden MDR-TB country and treatment of drug-resistant TB is long and complicated, the findings of this study provided useful information to deliver effective community-based disease control measures and a proposed plane for the effective management of drug-resistant TB at the national level.

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