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Early diagnosis, improved surgical technique, neonatal anesthesia, sophisticated ventilatory support, advanced intensive care management, early treatment of associated anomalies, responsiveness of anastomotic strictures to dilatation, and aggressive treatment of gastroesophageal reflux have influenced survival positively. Improved survival rates were noted irrespective of the traditional Waterston criteria, which now seem outdated. With few exceptions, most infants with esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula should survive in the current era.

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