Introduction 1 Overview of water-column study design 3 Preparation for sample collection 6 Site selection 6 Sampling equipment 6 Hand-held samplers 10 Suspended samplers 10 D-77 TM 10 D-77 bag 10 Under ice 10 Weighted bottle 11 Support equipment 11 Processing equipment 11 Processing and preservation chambers 11 Sample splitters 12 Filter systems 12 Equipment cleaning 13 Inorganic constituents and organic compounds 13 Organic carbon 13 Collection methods 14 Equal-width-increment sampling 16 Equal-discharge-increment sampling 16 Nonstandard sampling 16 Organic-carbon sampling 16 Low-flow sampling 17 High-flow sampling 17 Sampling frozen streams 17 Automatic samplers 17 Sample processing 17 Splitting 18 Sediment sample 20 Filtration 20 Inorganic constituents 20 Organic carbons 21 Organic compounds 23 Changing filter paper 24 Cartridge processing 24 Preservation 25 Distribution 26 Field analyses 27 Temperature 27 Specific conductance 28 Calibration 28 Measurement 29 pH 29 Calibration 30 Measurement 30 Contents Field analyses-Continued Alkalinity, bicarbonate, and carbonate 31 Fixed end-point method 31 Incremental method 31 Dissolved oxygen 33 Probe maintenance 33 Calibration 34 Barometer calibration 34 Air-calibration chamber in water 34 Air-saturated water 36 Measurement 37 Documentation 37 Quality assurance and quality control 39 Field blanks 39 Replicates 39 Field-matrix spikes 39 References cited 40 Appendix A. Selected technical memorandums 41 Appendix B. Selected internal communications 42 Conversion Factors, Vertical Datum, Abbreviations, and Acronyms V

Introduction 1 Overview of bed-sediment study design 2 Planning for sample collection 5 Site location and selection of depositional zones Adapting to local conditions 5 Equipment 7 Samplers 8 Sieves 8 Equipment cleaning 11 Sample collection 15 Wadeable zone 15 Guillotine sampler 15 Spoon, scoop, or spatula sampler 16 Nonwadeable zone 17 Sample processing 17 Sieving 17 Trace elements 17 Sieve-frame method 17 Bag method 18 Decanting 18 Organic contaminants 18 Particle size 18 Preparation for shipping 18 Field documentation 19 Final cleaning 19 Quality assurance and quality control 19 Control of contamination 19 Control of variability 20 Verification 20 References cited 20 FIGURES 1. Map showing a typical depositional zone site 6 2. Diagram showing the Guillotine, a hand-held core sampler 9 3. Schematic diagram showing the Guillotine sampler in operation 10 TABLES 1. Analytical constituents for bed-sediment Occurrence Survey 4 2. Equipment and supplies for collecting and processing stream bed-sediment samples 3. Reference guide for collecting and processing stream bed-sediment samples 12 Contents III CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS Conversion Factors Multiply By To obtain foot (ft) 0.3048 meter gallon (gal) 3.785 liter inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter square inch (in2) 645.2 square millimeter Temperature is given in degrees Celsius (°C), which can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by the following equation:°F

This report is an element of the comprehensive body of information developed as part of the NAWQA Program. The program depends heavily on the advice, cooperation, and information from many Federal, State, interstate, Tribal, and local agencies and the public. The assistance and suggestions of all are greatly appreciated.

Introduction 1 Site-numbering system 1 Surface water 1 Ground water 3 Data collection 4 Surface water 4 Ground water 5 Data presentation 5 References cited 7 Appendix-Selected bibliography of U.S. Geological Survey reports 8 FIGURES 1,2. Maps showing: 1. Location of surface-water quality sites 2 2. Location of ground-water quality sites 3 3. Diagram showing well-numbering system 4 4. Graph showing monthly mean streamflow and long-term median (60 years) of monthly mean streamflow for the San Joaquin River near Vernalis 6 TABLES 1. Water-quality records at continuing-record sites 11 2. Water-quality records at ground-water sites 154 Contents III Conversion Factors, Vertical Datum, and Water-Quality Information Conversion Factors Multiply By To obtain acre 0.4047 square hectometer cubic foot per second (FT3/S, ft3/s) 28.32 liter per second foot (FT, ft) 0.3048 meter inch 25.4 millimeter (MM, mm) mile (MI, mi) 1.609 kilometer square mile (MI2, mi2) 2.590 square kilometer ton (short) 0.9078 metric ton ton per day (T/DAY) 0.9078 metric ton per day Water temperature is given in degrees Celsius (°C), which can be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by the following equation: F=1.8(°C)+32. Vertical DatumSea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929~a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.Water-Quality Information Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (MG/L, mg/L) or micrograms per liter (UG/L, |ig/L). Milligrams and micrograms per liter are units expressing the weight of the solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to 1 milligram per liter. Micrograms per liter is equivalent to "parts per billion."

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