²Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum km 12, Caixa Postal 533, 79804-970, Dourados-MS. Autor para correspondência: Luciano dos Reis Venturoso (luck_rv@hotmail.com) Data de chegada: 10/04/2010. Aceito para publicação em: 17/01/2011. 1702 ABSTRACTThe formation of an ecological conscience and the search for the preservation of the environment have generated the need to test natural products, targeting an alternative control of plant pathogens. In this way aimed at evaluating the potential of ten aqueous extracts on t he in vitro d evelopm ent of phyt opa thogeni c fu ngi . Were conducted six experimental trials in a completely randomized design with 11 treatments and 10 replications for each assay. The treatments consisted of crude aqueous extracts of garlic, rue, cinnamon, clove, horsetail, eucalyptus, mint, jabuticaba, melon-of-são-caetano and neem in the concentration of 20%, more the control treatment (only PDA). The trials were carried out with the fungus Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani and Phomopsis sp. The extracts were filtered in paper wathman nº 1, put in the water bath at 65ºC for 1 hour, incorporated in PDA medium and after poured into Petri dishes, transferred to mycelial discs of pathogens (0.3 cm of diameter). Was determined the mycelial growth of the colony, the percentage of inhibition and the rate of growth of fungi. It was observed that the PDA medium containing the extracts of clove, garlic and cinnamon showed most antifungal activity on the plant pathogens, when compared to other extracts used, highlighting for the extract of clove, which inhibited the development of all pathogens tested. sp., Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani e Phomopsis sp. Os extratos foram filtrados em papel wathman nº 1, colocados em banho maria a 65°C, durante 1 hora, incorporados em meio BDA e após vertido em placas de Petri, transferiu-se discos de micélio dos patógenos (0,3 cm de diâmetro). Foi analisado o crescimento micelial da colônia, a porcentagem de inibição e a taxa de crescimento dos fungos. Observou-se que os meios de cu lt ura c on ten do os ext rat os de c ra vo-da -ín di a, alho e ca nela apresentaram maior atividade antifúngica sobre os fitopatógenos, quando comparados aos demais extratos utilizados, destacando o e x t r a t o d e c r a v o -d a -í n d i a , q u e i n i b i u c o m p l et a m e n t e o desenvolvimento de todos os fitopatógenos testados.Nas últimas décadas a exploração da atividade de compostos secundários de plantas tem se tornado uma alternativa no controle de fitopatógenos com potencial ecológico para substituir o emprego de produtos sintéticos, por meio da utilização de subprodutos de plantas medicinais como extrato bruto e óleo essencial, uma vez que apresentam, em sua composição, substâncias com propriedades fungicidas e/ou fungitóxicas (15). Esses compostos possuem a vantagem de serem geralmente menos prejudiciais ao homem e ao meio ambiente, d...
In Brazilian agriculture, maize (Zea mays L.) is prominent because of its magnitude of grain production. However, soil compaction changes negatively the soil physical attributes, limiting the crop growth. This study aimed to evaluate physical attributes of a clayey Oxisol (Rhodic Hapludox) under no-tillage, and the relationships between these attributes with maize yield in the Midwest region of Brazil. Besides this, indicators of soil physical quality when subjected to levels of compaction were determined. A randomized complete block design was applied with five replicates. Treatments were induced levels of compaction: a reference condition that reflects 8 yr of no-tillage (NT); no-tillage with additional compaction by tractor traffic in one (NT-1), two (NT-2), four (NT-4), and six passes (NT-6). There was significant correlation (P < 0.01) between all physical attributes of the studied soil. Maize yield was positively correlated to macroporosity (r = 0.41*), and negatively to penetration resistance (r = -0.42*), geometric mean diameter (r = -0.51*), and mean weighted diameter (r = -0.53*). The index of emergence speed, stem diameter, plant height, grain mass, and grain yield decreased as soil compaction increased. The physical attributes evaluated, especially the resistance to penetration and soil macroporosity, reveal the level of soil compaction and can be used as soil physical quality indicators.
RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar in vitro o efeito de diferentes concentrações de extratos vegetais sobre o crescimento de Cercospora kikuchii. Fusarium solani. Colletotrichum sp. e Phomopsis sp., foram conduzidos quatro bioensaios experimentais, no Laboratório de Fitopatologia da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3 x 6, com 8 repetições para cada bioensaio. Foram utilizados extratos aquosos de alho, canela e cravo-da-índia, nas concentrações de 0; 0,5; 1; 5; 10 e 20%. Para obtenção dos extratos foram coletadas 30 g do material vegetal e trituradas em 120 mL de água destilada. Os extratos foram filtrados em papel Wathman nº 1 e incorporados ao meio BDA, de modo a obter as concentrações desejadas. Posteriormente, a solução foi vertida em placas de Petri, onde foram transferidos discos de micélio do patógeno, de 0,3 cm de diâmetro. Em seguida, as placas foram incubadas a 25º C, com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Foi analisado o crescimento micelial da colônia fúngica. Os resultados revelaram que o efeito do extrato aquoso de canela para todos os patógenos estudados, e do extrato de alho para F. solani. Colletotrichum sp. e Phomopsis sp. foi dependente das concentrações utilizadas, constatando-se maior atividade antifúngica com o aumento das concentrações. Verificou-se com o uso do extrato de cravo-da-índia maior eficácia no controle dos fitopatógenos testados, sendo observada supressão sobre o crescimento de Colletotrichum sp., Cercospora kikuchii, .. solani e de Phomopsis sp. a partir das concentrações de 7,4, 7,5, 8,9 e 7,0%, respectivamente. O extrato aquoso de alho, na concentração de 9,7%, apresentou efetivo controle apenas sobre C. kikuchii.
Palavras-chave: Allium sativum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticumABSTRACT: Influence of different sterilization methods on the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of medicinal plants. Three experiments were conducted in the Laboratory of Phytopathology of Federal University of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, to evaluate in vitro the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of garlic, cinnamon and clove subjected to different processes of disinfection and/or sterilization against the development of Fusarium solani. The experimental design for each trial was completely randomized, with 5 treatments and 8 replicates. Aqueous extracts at a concentration of 20% were subjected to the methods of filtering (FI), water bath at 65ºC (WB), autoclaving at 100ºC (AT1), autoclaving at 120ºC (AT2) and control treatment (PDA alone). Subsequently, the extracts were incorporated into PDA medium, added to Petri dishes, to where F. solani mycelium discs of 0.3cm diameter were transferred. Then, the plates were incubated at 25ºC with 12-h photoperiod. The treatments were analyzed as to mycelial growth of the colony, percentage of inhibition and growth rate of F. solani. Increased fungal growth was observed for the control treatment, demonstrating the antifungal potential of the extracts. The sterilization method influenced the efficiency of garlic and cinnamon extracts. For garlic, FI led to the best results, whereas for cinnamon extract there were no differences among the methodologies FI, WB and AT1. The different methods used did not interfere with the efficiency of the aqueous extract of clove.
RESUMO -O cultivo da soja em semeadura direta tem alavancado o uso do herbicida glyphosate na dessecação de espécies antecessoras. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o preparo convencional do solo e o sistema de semeadura direta com diferentes intervalos de dessecação do milheto no desenvolvimento inicial de soja convencional e transgênica. O estudo foi realizado em campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico muito argiloso. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os fatores foram constituídos por dois cultivares de soja: BRS 240 (convencional) e CD 214 RR (transgênica); e três sistemas de manejo: preparo convencional do solo (CONV), semeadura direta com dessecação imediatamente antes da semeadura (sistema Aplique-Plante -AP) e com dessecação 21 dias antes da semeadura da soja (D21). A cultura do milheto foi dessecada com glyphosate na dose de 960 g i.a. ha 1 . O cultivar convencional BRS 240 foi mais vigoroso que o cultivar transgênico CD 214 RR quanto à massa verde de plantas. O sistema de semeadura direta AP influenciou de forma negativa o cultivar BRS 240. Nos dois cultivares avaliados, o sistema de semeadura direta AP proporcionou os menores valores de emergência em campo e estande final de plantas. Os sistemas de manejo com semeadura direta (AP e D21) proporcionam melhor desenvolvimento de raízes e maior quantidade de nódulos, além de não influenciarem os teores de N e Mn das plantas de soja.Palavras-chave: glyphosate, comprimento de raiz, nodulação e nutrição mineral.ABSTRACT -Increase of soybean cultivation under no-tillage has leveraged the use of glyphosate for soil cover crop desiccation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of conventional tillage and no-tillage with different times of millet desiccation on the initial development of two soybean cultivars. The experiment was carried out in field conditions, in very clayed Red Latosol (Rhodic Acrustox). A randomized complete block design was used, in a factorial 2 x 3, with four replicates, consisting of two cultivars, BRS 240 (conventional) and CD 214 RR (GM); and three management systems: conventional tillage (CONV); no-tillage with desiccation immediately before sowing (AP) and desiccation 21 days prior to soybean sowing (D21). The growing millet was desiccated with glyphosate at a dose of 960 g i.a. ha -1 . The conventional cultivar BRS 240 showed greater mass of green plants than the cultivar CD 214 RR. No-tillage (AP) negatively influenced BRS 240. In both cultivars, the management system (AP) showed the lowest values of field emergence and final stand of plants. No tillage (AP and D21) provided better root development and greater number of nodules, not influencing the nitrogen and manganese levels of the soybean plants.
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