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The author persues earlier considerations regarding a quantitative evaluation of the usefulness against risks of radiological examinations, with a detailed discussion of the radiological and diagnostic problems. The possibilities of accurately quantifying degrees of urgency are discussed in practical terms, particularly for new forms of investigation in widespread use. In addition to a consideration of the usefulness and risks based on days gained or lost in the life of the patient, it is suggested that the cost of the examination should also be borne in mind. A model is illustrated by a number of examples. Finally, certain psychological problems are outlined which are concerned with the valuation and use of protective measures and with subjective estimates of risks involved.

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