No abstract

Performance indicator is important as a comparison for improvement in any form of technology. It provides the direction for technology improvement. For photovoltaic system, the normal indicator for performance is the performance ratio while for the solar cells, the cell efficiency is normally being used. This paper will analyze the use of performance ratio as a performance indicator for a system. The analysis and discussion will provide the rationale for using performance ratio as an indicator for photovoltaic performance but performance ratio alone is not good enough. For the period of one year from April 2012 to March 2013, the performance ratio for monocrystalline was 77% while for polycrystalline was found to be 80%. Solar cell efficiency was found to be 11.8%for monocrystalline and polycrystalline to be 11.5%. Higher performance ratio just indicates the energy yield compared to the expected energy yield.Keywords-Performance ratio, energy efficiency and energy yield 1.

<span>Robustness of a battery management system (BMS) is a crucial issue especially in critical application such as medical or military. Failure of BMS will lead to more serious safety issues such as overheating, overcharging, over discharging, cell unbalance or even fire and explosion. BMS consists of plenty sensitive electronic components and connected directly to battery cell terminal. Consequently, BMS exposed to high voltage potential across the BMS terminal if a faulty cell occurs in a pack of Li-ion battery. Thus, many protection techniques have been proposed since last three decades to protect the BMS from fault such as open cell voltage fault, faulty cell, internal short circuit etc. This paper presents a review of a BMS focuses on the protection technique proposed by previous researcher. The comparison has been carried out based on circuit topology and fault detection technique</span>