No abstract

This paper describes the preliminary design of a floating support structure for offshore wind turbines that has been developed by ERSE (former CESI RICERCA). It considered the prospects that this kind of structure could hold for exploiting wind resources in the windiest sea areas along the coasts of Italy (Sardinia, Sicily, Apulia). A review of the various types of floating structure that have been devised worldwide for wind turbines has made it possible to single out the floating structure that looks most interesting from the technical and economic standpoint. Specifically, the selected structure is of the Tension Leg Platform (TLP) type. It consists of a nearly fully submerged hexagonal platform, which carries a 6 MW wind turbine and is linked to the sea bottom by 6 ties, which assure stability and limited tilting, even under the worst loads induced by wind and sea. The construction and installation phases for this structure have been analysed, and the most effective and economically viable techniques chosen. With a view for avoiding the use of expensive sea craft, the floating structure has been designed in such a way that it can be towed to its site with the wind turbine already standing on it. A preliminary dimensioning of the floating structure has been carried out, along with technical verification of the main structural members. This work has been performed in cooperation with the engineering company TECON, which used, among others, the MOSES computation code by Ultramarine. Attention has also been devoted to the most suitable options for mooring the floating structure to the sea bottom. To assess the behaviour of the floating system under the action of wind and waves, the computational code (BM) has been developed by ERSE. This code takes into account the whole “wind turbine + floating platform” system, represented by a scheme featuring 8 degrees of freedom. Using this code no anomalous or unexpected behaviours were observed. The costs of building and installing this floating system have been calculated, drawing on experience gained with similar offshore structures in the oil and gas fields. The unique conditions of Italy as regards shipyards, harbours, electrical grid layout etc. have been taken into account. Along with estimates of operation and maintenance costs, and annual energy yields, these results have allowed the calculation of the probable unit energy production costs of floating wind farms in deep-water coastal areas of Italy.

No abstract

At the end of 2019, 10.5 GW of wind capacity was installed in Italy, all onshore. The National Integrated Climate and Energy Plan sets a target of 18.4 GW of onshore wind capacity and 0.9 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030. Significant exploitation of offshore wind resources in Italy is expected after 2030, using floating wind turbines, suitable for water depths greater than 50 m. This technology is at the demonstration phase at present. Results of a preliminary techno-economic assessment of floating wind plants in Italian marine areas in a medium (2030) and long-term (2060) scenario are presented. In 2030, a reference park with 10 MW wind turbines will be defined, and parametric costs, depending on distance from shore, were assessed. In 2060, possible wind resource variations due to climate change, and cost reductions due to large diffusion of the technology were considered in three case studies. The economic model used was the simple Levelized Cost of Energy (sLCoE). Different values of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) were considered too. The results show LCoEs comparable to the ones expected for the sector in 2030. In 2060, even in the more pessimistic scenario, wind resource decreases will be abundantly compensated by expected cost reductions.

The Wind Atlas of Italy, first developed in 2002, was refined by ERSE (former CESI RICERCA S.p.A.) in 2006, when it was also enlarged to offshore areas up to 40 km from the coastline. It displays maps of annual average wind speed (m/s) and specific energy production (MWh/MW) up to 100 m above ground or sea. This Atlas is published in an interactive version (named ATLAEOLICO). The Italian Wind Atlas is based on maps calculated using the WINDS model developed by the Department of Physics of the University of Genoa and has then been fine-tuned by comparison with measuring data from over 400 stations scattered all over Italy. Concerning offshore areas, the calibration of maps resulted more difficult because of the lack of direct measurements. The resulting uncertainty of wind maps over offshore areas has been estimated from a minimum of 2 m/s to a maximum of more than 3 m/s, which results in an uncertainty of no less than 1000 MWh/MW in specific energy production, too high for reliable evaluation of energy production. To reduce this uncertainty, a new wind measuring station has recently been installed at Pianosa, a small uninhabited and flattish island located in the Adriatic Sea off the Gargano promontory, one of the offshore areas with higher discordance of wind speed values among the various maps published so far. This island could also be taken as representative of the transition from the southern zone with better resources to the less promising northern part of the Adriatic Sea. This paper presents the results of the first eight months of measurements at this station. These results have been analyzed by commercial codes for wind resource assessment and then compared with available information on wind resources in the same area, mostly measurements from satellite and coastal stations, and other published wind atlases.