IntroductionMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with low frustration tolerance, which is a risk factor for suicide. Hippocampal structural and functional abnormalities have been documented to play one of the crucial roles in the pathophysiology of depression. Recent studies have revealed functional differentiation of the hippocampus. Thus, activity of the anterior part was shown to be associated with negative affect mediation.ObjectivesTo investigate brain mechanisms of frustration, comparing its impact on anterior hippocampal connectivity in MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs).Methods14 MDD and 14 HC right-handed subjects were included in the study and underwent comprehensive clinical assessment. MDD was diagnosed during psychiatric interview according to ICD-10 criteria. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was additionally used to assess depressive symptoms. The original Stroop test was modified to evoke a state of frustration by administrering impossible task conditions and negative feedback during 10-min functional magnetic resonance scanning session. Psychophysiological interactions were used to analyze left and right anterior hippocampal functional connectivity changes in response to frustration. The resulted Z-maps were adjusted using Z > 2.3 threshold and a (corrected) cluster significance threshold of p = 0.05.ResultsIncreased functional connectivity of the left anterior hippocampus in response to frustration was significantly higher in MDD patients compared to HCs in the pars opercularis of the right prefrontal cortex and bilateral posterior cingulate regions.ConclusionThe results revealed that depressed patients demonstrate abnormally increased anterior hippocampal response to frustration, suggesting that hippocampal-neocortical network impairment may contribute to decreased frustration tolerance associated with MDD

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Affective disorders are common in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, especially in cases of left-sided epileptic focus localization (lsTLE).AimTo characterize connectivity patterns of brain default mode network (DMN) in lsTLE patients with and without anxiety and depressive disorders.Subjects and methods28 lsTLE patients, divided into two groups: patients with (“affective” group) and without anxiety- depressive symptoms. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hospital Anxiety Depressive Scale (HADS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and Montgomery-Asberg Depressive Rating Scale (MADRS) were used to assess affective symptoms. All subjects underwent 9-min resting-state fMRI scanning session. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to isolate DMN. The resulted maps were compared in groups using two-sample t-test. The results were considered as statistically significant according to threshold of p < 0.005 with a 10-voxel extent that has recently been shown to produce an optimal balance between Types I and II error rates in fMRI studies (Lieberman, 2009). The data were processed and analyzed using SPM8 and “GIFT” toolbox for ICA “GIFT”.ResultsMild depression and moderate-severe anxiety levels were observed in the "affective" group. Significantly increased functional connectivity was found in “affective” group in the right cerebellum (culmen), right gyrus fusiformis, dorsolateral prefrontal and midcingulate area, and in the left insula.ConclusionsWe found that brain DMN is altered by affective disorders associated with lsTLE. The observed regional pattern of difference can reflect the impaired levels of self-control often present in lsTLE patients with affective symptoms

Depression and anxiety, are most frequently psychiatric symptoms in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Resting state functional connectivity(RSFC) disturbances and disconnections in RSNs are two remarkable characteristics of TLE (Cheng Luo, 2012).The aimto investigate FC in RSNs in TLE patients with ADS.Materials and methods54 patients with TLE from 18-50 y.o.were included. ADS were assesed by psychiatric interview with use of scales:BDI, HADS, HAMA, MADRS. All subjects underwent 9-min resting-state fMRI session.Analysis and statistikSPM8,’GIFT’ toolbox ICA for isolate RSNs; for comparison - one-way ANOVA and two-sample t-test.( p< 0.005,10-voxel clustersize)ResultsIn groups of patients with ADS (n=36) a moderate level of depressive and anxiety symptoms (HAMA=25,4±2,6; MADRS=20,1±2,6) was found. There are 8 RSNs were identified: visual, FC audial, sensomotor, frontotemporal dorsal and ventral, frontoparietal right and left, default mode(e.g.DMN) networks. The main interest was focused on FC in key nodes of DMN as they are involved in emotional processing and may play a significant role in the origin of affective symptoms. Significantly increased FC was identified in the left insula, superior parietal cortex, left frontal cortex, right precuneus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right frontal cortex in patients with ADS. Increased FC in these nodes of neuronal networks can be explained as by the presence of affective symptoms in this group so as an their association with epileptic processes.Conclusionsignificant advances in imaging represent an opportunity to investigate psychopathological features, where TLE can be considered as a good model for investiagion other mental disorders.

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