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Otologic surgical procedures over time have become minimally invasive due to the development of medicine, microtechniques, and robotics. This trend then provides an expected reduction in the patient's recovery time and improvement in the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment. One of the most challenging difficulties that such techniques face are precise control of the instrument and supply of an ergonomic system to the surgeon. The objective of this literature review is to present requirements and guidelines for a surgical robotic system dedicated to middle ear surgery. This review is particularly focused on cholesteatoma surgery (diagnosis and surgical tools), which is one of the most frequent pathologies that urge for an enhanced treatment. This review also presents the current robotic systems that are implemented for otologic applications.

Summary Reasons for performing study: The costs and investments required for the purchase and training of showjumpers justify the need to find selection means for jumping horses. Use of objective kinematic criteria correlated to jumping ability could be helpful for this assessment. Objectives: To compare back kinematics between 2 groups of horses of different competition levels (Group 1, competing at high level; Group 2 competing at low level) while free jumping over a 1 m vertical fence. Methods: Three‐dimensional recordings were performed using 2 panning cameras. Kinematic parameters of the withers and tuber sacrale (vertical displacement, vertical and horizontal velocities), backline inclination and flexion‐extension motion of the 3 main dorsal segments (thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral) were analysed. Results: Group 2 horses had a lower displacement of their withers and tuber sacrale from the end of the last approach stride until the first departure stride (P<0.05). As a result, they increased the flexion of their thoracolumbar and lumbosacral junctions during the hindlimb swing phase before take‐off (P<0.05). However, withers and tuber sacrale velocities were slightly modified. Group 1 horses pitched their backline less forward during the forelimb stance phase before take‐off and straightened it more after landing (P<0.05), probably indicating a more efficient strutting action of their forelimbs. Conclusions and potential relevance: Because significant differences in back motion were found between good and poor jumpers when jumping a 1 m high fence, criteria based on certain back kinematics can be developed that may help in the selection of talented showjumpers.

Admission rates for epistaxis complicating NOAC therapy was low, and much lower than in case of AVK. Bleeding severity was equivalent with both treatments. NOACs significantly reduce hospital stay. Contrary to the study hypothesis, epistaxis is less serious when complicating NOAC than AVK therapy.