Purpose To compare pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF) in Europeans and Indians and provide reference values for a group of healthy Indians.Patients and Methods Measurement with the POBF Tonograph was performed on healthy Indian subjects in India (n ¼ 252). A further 80 subjects (40 of Indian descent and 40 Europeans) underwent measurements in Cambridge, England. The instrument used for measurement was the same for both the studies.Results The mean POBF in the Indians in India was found to be 1176 ll/min. The mean POBF value in the Europeans was found to be 1033 ll/min and that for Indians in England was 1061 ll/min. The difference between the POBF within groups was significant (one-way ANOVA Po0.05) with the POBF of Indians in India being higher than Europeans and Indians in the UK. The difference between the Europeans and Indians in the UK did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions POBF values in Indians living in India were found to be considerably higher than the previously published normal value of 650 ll/min in European studies and other studies for other racial groups. The reason for this apparent difference may be instrumentrelated rather than genetic because such a large difference was not observed when a comparison was performed in the UK. In addition, the results for both groups in our comparative study were still considerably higher than reported in previous studies. The POBF of Indians in India is slightly higher than the POBF of people of Indian ethnic origin in England.

(3) The Javitt et al incidence excluded those patients younger than 65 years; those having diabetic retinopathy; those who underwent cataract extraction combined with corneal, retina, and glaucoma procedures; and those having a secondary implant. (4) The Kattan and Javitt et al studies were retrospective, while a prospective national study 5 was published in 1991, which described a 0.31% PE incidence in France; and, another prospective national study 6 gave a 0.3% PE incidence in England, in 1993. Years later, much higher PE incidences were published. [7][8][9][10] There seems to be enough information for considering a redefining of the 'normal PE incidence in cataract surgery', especially, taking into account the knowledge achieved since 1991 about PE risk factors.

348.20 ± 35.9 (337.5 to 358.9) 332.5 (288 to 460) 329.65 ± 32.1 (320.06 to 339.14) 324 (287 to 425) 0.05 Central threshold (dB) 23.26 ± 4.96 (21.79 to 24.73) 23.5 (7 to 32) 28.41 ± 4.93 (26.95 to 29.88) 29 (15 to 39) <0.0001 MD (dB) −5.23 ± 3.08 (−4.32 to −6.15) −4.905 (−0.4 to −15.33) −2.94 ± 2.49 (−2.20 to −3.68) −2.64 (0.11 to −13.46) <0.0001 PSD (dB) 5.15 ± 2.78 (4.32 to 5.98) 4.5 (2.9 to 20.21) 5.21 ± 1.78 (4.68 to 5.74) 4.455 (2.91 to 10.72) 0.63

Purpose:  To investigate pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF) in a healthy Indian population and use the data derived as reference values. Methods:  Two hundred and fifty‐two healthy subjects (121 males, 131 females) underwent intraocular pressure and POBF measurement with the Ocular Blood Flow Analyzer (Paradigm Medical Industries, Salt Lake City, UT, USA and formerly the POBF Tonograph). Before POBF measurement, subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including refraction, slitlamp examination and biomicroscopic fundoscopy and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT). Subjects with ocular pathology were excluded from the study. Median age was 29 years (male median 32 years, female median 27 years). Results:  Average POBF in males was found to be 1052 µL min−1 (95% CI: 988–1116 µL min−1) and in females to be 1293 µL min−1 (95% CI: 1222–1364 µL min−1). Median age was significantly different between males and females (Mann–Whitney U = 6685; p = 0.0311) but POBF was found to be independent of age in both sexes. As a group, mean refractive error influenced POBF (Kendall's τ = 0.24; p = 0.0017). Conclusions:  Pulsatile ocular blood flow values in Indians appear to be higher than reported in studies conducted on other racial groups. The reasons for this difference could be instrumental or anatomical (i.e axial length, ocular rigidity). Care should be taken in deriving normative data using the Ocular Blood Flow Analyzer in mixed race groups.