Abstract. Phomopsis vaccinii cause a serious disease of blueberry, cranberry and other Vaccinium crops in the North America and Europe as well. Over 1000 species names are described by Phomopsis spp., but their biology and life style are mostly unknown. Identification of P. vaccinii by methods of classical phytopathology is difficult and complicate, because many species are morphologically similar to P. vaccinii, and P. vaccinii itself has diverse patterns of colony morphology. For this investigation P. vaccinii isolates were obtained from five cranberry plantations in different locations of Latvia (Babite, Alsunga, Rucava, Ape and Pargauja municipality) from berries affected by viscid rot at harvest and storage in 2010. Altogether 44 P. vaccinii isolates were cultivated on potato dextrose agar for description of colony morphology. In order to find some relationships between samples, the isolates were arranged in different groups on the basis of mycelium color and structure (zoning), reverse pigmentation, pycnidium formation time, size, location, number and size of conidia. During this study the colonies of P. vaccinii from cranberry in Latvia showed different morphological features in culture and no relationships between growing regions and groups of isolates were found. P. vaccinii is easy to confuse with other Phomopsis species if only classical phytopathological methods are used.
The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is a promising perspective and marketable crop both in Latvia and foreign markets, but an important problem is fruit rot in storage. The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of cranberry fruit rot in storage from fruit collected in different locations in Latvia. In 2007-2011, two hundred sound berries (total 1200) were randomly collected by hand along a diagonal from six different cranberry plantations from locations all over Latvia in every year. Berries were kept in plastic polyethylene (PE-LD 04) bags for four months, refrigerated at +7 °C, 83% relative humidity. At the end of each month, berries were evaluated and rotten berries were separated from the sound ones. Over the period of 2007-2011, the optimal time for cranberry storage was two months, when losses due to fruit rot reached up to 18-21%. The incidence of storage rot at the end of storage period after four months (February) reached 50-88%. The hot and rainy summer of 2010 significantly reduced the quality of fruit in storage, and spoilage reached on the average 88% (74-100%) of berries in the plantations. The incidence of fruit rot varied among the surveyed cranberry growing sites. Storage rot is a problem in cranberry samples from all inspected plantations in Latvia and in the future, the incidence of fruit rot is expected to increase, because the greatest part of growers believe that American cranberries can grow in the same way as wild cranberries, without fertilisation and pesticide use
Lielogu dzērvenes (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) ir pieprasītas un vērtīgas ogas, taču to izmantošanu svaigā veidā kavē ogu puves, nozīmīgus ražas zudumus izraisa 10 ogu puves ierosinātāji. Darba hipotēze: Latvijā lielogu dzērvenēm nozīmīgus ražas zudumus izraisa Fusicoccum putrefaciens un Diaporthe vaccinii, izraisot ogu puvi ražas laikā un glabātavās. Darba mērķis: pētīt lielogu dzērveņu ogu puves izplatību Latvijā un aprakstīt to ierosinātājus. Darba uzdevumi: noteikt ogu puves izplatību stādījumā un uzglabāšanas laikā; identificēt un raksturot ogu puves ierosinātājus; raksturot Diaporthe vaccinii morfoloģiskās īpatnības tīrkultūrā; aprakstīt dzērveņu inficēšanās īpatnības ar D. vaccinii. Aizstāvāmās tēzes: Latvijā lielogu dzērvenēm strauja puves attīstība sākas divus mēnešus pēc novākšanas; lielogu dzērveņu ogu puvi izraisa vairāki patogēni, iespējama arī kompleksa inficēšanās; Diaporthe vaccinii morfoloģiskās pazīmes tīrkultūrā ir daudzveidīgas. Lielogu dzērveņu ogu puves pētītas laika posmā no 2007. līdz 2012. gadam SIA Latvijas Augu aizsardzības pētniecības centrā. Katru gadu apsekoti seši lielogu dzērveņu stādījumi, kuros novērtēta puves izplatība uz lauka (2011.-2012.) un ievāktas gan bojātas, gan vizuāli nebojātas ogas tālākiem pētījumiem uzglabāšanas laikā. Ogas glabātas laboratorijas apstākļos vēsā kamerā (5-7 o C) no ievākšanas brīža līdz februāra beigām. Puves ierosinātāju identifikācijai visas bojātās ogas uzsētas uz kartupeļu dekstrozes agara barotnes (PDA). Iegūtajiem izolātiem aprakstītas koloniju morfoloģiskās pazīmes: micēlija krāsa, faktūra, augšanas īpatnības, barotnes krāsošanās, sporu uzbūve un izmēri, kā arī citas īpatnības. D. vaccinii izolātu identifikācija apstiprināta, izmantojot rDNS ITS1-5,8S-ITS2 reģiona analīzi. Pirmo reizi Latvijā atrasti un raksturoti 9 lielogu dzērveņu slimību ierosinātāji: Fusicoccum putrefaciens, Coleophoma empetri, Diaporthe vaccinii, Physalospora vaccinii, Phyllosticta elongata, Allantophomopsis lycopodina, Botrytis cinerea, Discosia artocreas, Pestalotia vaccinii. Ražas laikā ogu puves izplatība lielogu dzērveņu stādījumos Latvijā bija tikai 1,9% līdz 2,4%, uzglabāšanas laikā novembra beigās 11-35% ogu bija puves bojātas, decembra beigās-24-66%. Uzglabāšanas laikā ogas visbiežāk bojāja Fusicoccum putrefaciens un Coleophoma empetri. Abi patogēni ierosina ne tikai ogu puvi, bet arī dzinumu un ziedu atmiršanu. Diaporthe vaccinii (karantīnas organisms (EPPO A2/211) Latvijā lielogu dzērvenēm izraisa dzinumu, ziedu un augļaizmetņu atmiršanu, kā arī viskozo ogu puvi uz lauka un uzglabāšanas laikā. Patogēns konstatēts piecos no sešiem apsekotajiem lielogu dzērveņu stādījumiem. D. vaccinii izolāti bija morfoloģiski atšķirīgi, tomēr ģenētiski atbilda D. vaccinii. Kopumā darbs satur 89 attēlus, 15 tabulas, 44 pielikumus, izmantoti 134 bibliogrāfiskie avoti un 59 zemsvītras atsauces. This Ph. D. Thesis contains 89 figures, 15 tables, 44 annexes, 134 bibliographical sources and 59 footnotes.
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