: The mechanism studies of transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions investigated using Density Functional Theory calculations in recent ten years have been reviewed. This review introduces the computational mechanism studies of Ni-, Pd-, Cu- and some other metals (Rh, Ti and Zr)-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions and presents the calculated methodology used in these computational mechanism studies. Based on the studies, the mechanisms of the transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions normally include three main steps: oxidative addition; transmetalation; and reductive elimination or four main steps: the first oxidative addition; reduction; the second oxidative addition; and reductive elimination. The rate-limiting step is most likely the final reductive elimination step in the whole mechanism diagram. Currently the B3LYP method used in DFT calculations is the most popular choice in the structural geometry optimizations and M06 method is often used to do the single point calculations to refine the energy values. We hope that this review will stimulate more and more experimental and computational combinations and the computational chemistry will contribute more power in the development of future organic synthesis reactions.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the presence of lesions in the skull and face and the associated factors in pedestrian victims of traffic accidents. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study carried out through the analysis of medical records of pedestrian victims of traffic accidents in an emergency service in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil, during the year of 2016. Information was collected regarding gender, age group, day of the week, time of the accident, type of vehicle involved, presence of trauma to the skull and face, and outcome. The Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were used, with a significance level of 5%. Results: 1,884 medical records were evaluated, of which 7.1% (n = 133) involved pedestrians. Men were the most frequent victims (68.4%), and victims 60 years old or over (30.5%) predominated. Almost one-third of the cases were recorded during the weekends (30.5%), and the most prevalent time was at night (52.7%). Regarding the type of vehicle involved, motorcycles predominated (47.4%). Head trauma was present in 37.6% of victims, while facial injuries corresponded to 8.2%. In 12% of cases, the victims died. The variables of gender, age group, occurrence on weekends, and trauma to the face showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of traffic accidents (Chi-square test; p<0.05). Conclusion: Among pedestrian victims of traffic accidents, there is a predominance of men, aged 65 or over. Accidents are frequent at night, and motorcycles are the main vehicles involved. The presence of trauma to the skull and face regions is high.