Typical porphyry-type Cu-Mo mineralization occupies two connected domal centers, the eastern Pittsmont and western Anaconda domes, that predate and largely underlie the well-known, throughgoing, Main Stage polymetallic veins of Butte. Among the sulfur-bearing minerals recovered from deep drill core of this early pre-Main Stage hydrothermal assemblage are anhydrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and molybdenite in veinlets bordered by K-silicate alteration, and pyrite from slightly younger quartz-pyrite veinlets with dgray-sericiticT alteration selvages. The ranges of d 34 S values for minerals of the K-silicate assemblage are 9.8-18.2x for anhydrite (n=23 samples), 3.0x to 4.7x for molybdenite (n=6), 0.4x to 3.4x for pyrite (n=19), and À0.1x to 3.0x for chalcopyrite (n=13). Sulfate-sulfide mineral fractionation is consistent with an approach to isotopic equilibrium, and calculated temperatures for mostly coexisting anhydrite-sulfide pairs (anhydrite-molybdenite, n=6, 545 to 630 8C; anhydrite-pyrite, n=13, 360 to 640 8C; and anhydrite-chalcopyrite, n=8, 480 to 575 8C) are broadly consistent with petrological, alteration, and fluid-inclusion temperature estimates. The d 34 S values for pyrite (n=25) in veinlets of the dgray-sericiticT assemblage range from 1.7x to 4.3x. The d 34 S values for sulfides of the pre-Main Stage K-silicate and dgray-sericiticT assemblages are similar to those of most Main Stage sulfides, for which 281 analyses by other investigators range from À3.7x to 4.8x. Sulfide-sulfide mineral pairs provide variable (À175 to 950 8C) and less reliable temperature estimates that hint of isotopic disequilibria. The sulfide data, alone, suggest a conventionally bmagmaticQ value of about 1x or 2x for Butte sulfur. However, the high modal mineral ratios of sulfate/sulfide, and the isotopic systematics of the early K-silicate assemblage, suggest that pre-Main Stage fluids may have been sulfate-rich (X SO 4 2Àc0.75) and that total sulfur was isotopically heavy (d 34 S AS c10x), which would have required an evaporitic crustal component to the relatively oxidized granitic parental magma that was the source of the hydrothermal fluids and sulfur. Modeling of brine-vapor unmixing of a 10x fluid, reduction of sulfate, and vapor loss suggest that these processes may have formed the isotopically heavier (14x to 18x) anhydrite of the western and shallower Anaconda Dome, contrasting with the lighter and more numerous values (9.8x to 12.9x) for anhydrite of the eastern and

Plants and their associated microbes live in complicated, changeable, and unpredictable environments. They usually interact with each other in many ways by proceeding in multidimensional, multi-scale and multi-level coupling manners, leading to challenges of the co-existence of randomness and determinism, or continuity and discreteness. Gaining a deeper understanding of these diverse interaction mechanisms can facilitate the development of new data mining theories and methods for complex systems, new coupled modelling for the system with different spatiotemporal scales and functional properties, or even universal theory of information and information interactions. In this study, we use a close-loop model to present a plant-microbe interaction system and describe the probable functions from the microbial natural products. Specifically, we report a rhizosphere species, Streptomyces ginsengnesis G7, which produces polyketide lydicamycins and other active metabolites. Interestingly, these distinct molecules have the potential to function both as antibiotics and herbicides for crop protection. Detailed laboratory experiments combined with comprehensive bioinformatics analysis allow us to rationalise a model for this specific plant-microbe interaction process. Our work reveals the benefits of exploring otherwise neglectable resources for the identification of novel functional molecules and provides a good reference to better understand the system biology in the complex ecosystems.