ObjectiveThis paper sought to determine the accumulated incidence and analyze the risk factors associated with the development of weakness acquired in the intensive care unit and its relationship to inspiratory weakness.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study at a single center, multipurpose medical-surgical intensive care unit. We included adult patients who required mechanical ventilation ≥ 24 hours between July 2014 and January 2016. No interventions were performed. Demographic data, clinical diagnoses, the factors related to the development of intensive care unit -acquired weakness, and maximal inspiratory pressure were recorded.ResultsOf the 111 patients included, 66 developed intensive care unit -acquired weakness, with a cumulative incidence of 40.5% over 18 months. The group with intensive care unit-acquired weakness were older (55.9 ± 17.6 versus 45.8 ± 16.7), required more mechanical ventilation (7 [4 - 10] days versus 4 [2 - 7.3] days), and spent more time in the intensive care unit (15.5 [9.2 - 22.8] days versus 9 [6 - 14] days). More patients presented with delirium (68% versus 39%), hyperglycemia > 3 days (84% versus 59%), and positive balance > 3 days (73.3% versus 37%). All comparisons were significant at p < 0.05. A multiple logistic regression identified age, hyperglycemia ≥ 3 days, delirium, and mechanical ventilation > 5 days as independent predictors of intensive care unit-acquired weakness. Low maximal inspiratory pressure was associated with intensive care unit-acquired weakness (p < 0.001), and the maximum inspiratory pressure cut-off value of < 36cmH2O had sensitivity and specificity values of 31.8% and 95.5%, respectively, when classifying patients with intensive care unit-acquired weakness.ConclusionThe intensive care unit acquired weakness is a condition with a high incidence in our environment. The development of intensive care unit-acquired weakness was associated with age, delirium, hyperglycemia, and mechanical ventilation > 5 days. The maximum inspiratory pressure value of ≥ 36cmH2O was associated with a high diagnostic value to exclude the presence of intensive care unit -acquired weakness.
Objective:To describe and compare the work of breathing (WOB) during spontaneous breathing under four conditions: (1) breathing through a tracheostomy tube with an inflated cuff, (2) breathing through the upper airway (UA) with a deflated cuff and occluded tube, (3) breathing through the UA with an occluded cuffless tube, and (4) postdecannulation.Patients and Methods:Patients who tolerated an occluded cuffless tube were included. Ventilatory variables and esophageal pressure were recorded. The pressure-time product (PTP), PTP/min, and PTP/min/tidal volume (PTP/min/VT) were measured. Each condition was measured for 5 min with a 15 min time interval between evaluations. Quantitative data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Single-factor analysis of variance was used, and the Games-Howell test was used for post hoc analysis of comparisons between group means (P ≤ 0.05).Results:Eight patients were studied under each of the four conditions described above. Statistically significant differences were found for PTP, PTP/min, and PTP/min/VT. In the post hoc analysis for PTP, significant differences among all conditions were found. For PTP/min, there was no significant difference between Conditions 2 and 4 (P = 0.138), and for PTP/min/VT, there was no significant difference between Conditions 1 and 2 (P = 0.072) or between Conditions 2 and 3 (P = 0.106). A trend toward a higher PTP, PTP/min, and PTP/min/VT was observed when breathing through a cuffless tracheostomy tube.Conclusion:The four conditions differed with respect to WOB. Cuff inflation could result in a reduced WOB because there is less dead space. Cuffless tracheostomy tubes generate increased WOB, perhaps due to the material deformity caused by body temperature.
Objetivo: Evaluar los valores de las presiones bucales estáticas máximas inspiratorias y espiratorias en adultos jóvenes sanos latinoamericanos, así como los instrumentos y las características técnicas para su medición. Materiales y método: Se incluyeron estudios observacionales que reportaron los valores de las mediciones de presiones bucales estáticas máximas inspiratorias y/o espiratorias (Pimax y/o Pemax) en jóvenes, adultos jóvenes, adultos y estudiantes latinoamericanos. Se desestimaron los artículos que no lograron recuperarse para la lectura completa, publicados por tiempo superior a diez años y en idiomas distintos al inglés, español o portugués. La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos Medline/Pubmed, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y SciELO. El análisis del riesgo de sesgo se realizó a través de la escala de Newcastle Ottawa. Se realizó una síntesis cualitativa de los resultados. Registro OSF: https://osf.io/32jqp/ Resultados: Se incluyeron 9 artículos observacionales. El rango etario de los sujetos fue de entre 15 y 35 años. Los valores medios de Pimax y/o Pemax fueron mayores en el sexo masculino. Las mediciones fueron realizadas con manovacuómetros digitales y aneroides, y los tipos de boquilla fueron rígidos y de tipo buceo, en posición supina, sentada o semisentada. Conclusión: La mayoría de los estudios sobre presiones bucales estáticas máximas de jóvenes adultos latinoamericanos sanos fueron realizados en sujetos de entre 15 a 35 años. Se observaron valores mayores de presión respiratoria estática máxima en el sexo masculino, y las mediciones fueron realizadas en posición sentada, mediante el uso de manovacuómetro analógico. Estudios futuros son necesarios a fin de ayudar a la implementación de estos hallazgos para una práctica real basada en la evidencia.
Objetivo: Analizar la mortalidad de sujetos internados en un Centro de Desvinculación de la Ventilación Mecánica y Rehabilitación (CDVMR) e identificar si la fragilidad y la calidad de vida pre-UCI son factores de riesgo relacionados a la misma. Materiales y método: Estudio prospectivo, analítico y longitudinal. Se incluyeron aquellos sujetos ingresados al CDVMR con datos completos, evaluaciones del estado previo a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y que hubieran egresado del centro (vivos o fallecidos). Se tomaron datos epidemiológicos de la historia clínica y de la entrevista durante la internación. Se evaluó fragilidad con el score de fragilidad clínica (CSHA) y calidad de vida a través del cuestionario EuroQol 5D-5L en referencia al mes previo al ingreso a UCI. Resultados: Se evaluaron 53 sujetos egresados del CDVMR con una mediana de edad de 66 años. La mediana de días de internación en UCI fue de 35. El 53% de los sujetos lograron desvincularse, 64% decanularse y un 30% falleció. Del análisis multivariado se observó a la edad y al CHSA como factores asociados a mortalidad y a la decanulación como factor protectivo para la misma. Conclusión: Los datos hallados en este estudio muestran que la fragilidad previa al ingreso a UCI se encuentra asociada a una mayor mortalidad, pero no así la calidad de vida. La mortalidad observada fue del 30%.
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