<p>The debate regarding the concept of the Indonesian state defense and security system is still a fundamental subject of mathematic since the independence era until the reform era. For example, regarding the definition of national security with state security, defense function with security functions, regulations, and many more. For this reason, this paper will discuss how the dynamics of the Sishankamrata in the State Defense and Security System (Sishanneg) the independence era the reform era. This paper discusses that the National Defense System (Sishaneg) is believed to still need to be maintained in national defense and security policies. The concept of Sishankamrata develops its form of defense through the involvement of all components of the citizenry, territorial integrity, natural resources, and other means that have been prepared in advance. This system also makes defense integration (military and non-military) stronger, more respected, and has higher deterrence. So that in the era of reform, it was explicit that the concept of Sishankamrata was considered powerful enough so that it was still maintainedExplicitly in the reform era after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the concept of Sishankamrata was still maintained and wa considered quite effective.</p><p align="center">[]</p><p><em>Perdebatan mengenai konsep sistem pertahanan dan keamanan negara Indonesia masih menjadi problematika mendasar sejak masa kemerdekaan hingga masa reformasi. Misalnya mengenai pengertian keamanan nasional dengan keamanan negara, fungsi pertahanan dengan fungsi keamanan, regulasi dan masih banyak lagi. Untuk itu tulisan ini akan mendiskusikan bagaimana dinamika Sistem Pertahanan Keamanan Rakyat Semesta (Sishankamrata) dalam Sistem Pertahanan dan Keamanan Negara (Sishanneg) dari awal kemerdekaan pasca reformasi. Tulisan ini akan mendiskusikan bahwa Sistem Pertahanan Nasional (Sishaneg) perlu untuk tetap dipertahankan dalam kebijakan pertahanan dan keamanan nasional. Konsep Sishankamrata ini mengembangkan bentuk pertahanannya melalui keterlibatan seluruh komponen warga negara, kesatuan wilayah, sumber daya alam, serta sarana lainnya yang lebih dulu dipersiapkan. Sistem ini juga melakukan integrasi pertahanan (militer dan nirmiliter) menjadi lebih kuat, lebih disegani, dan lebih tinggi daya tangkalnya. Secara eksplisit pada era reformasi setelah UUD NRI Tahun 1945 diamandemen, konsep Sishankamrata ini masih dipertahankan dan dianggap cukup efektif.</em></p>

In the 21st century, the problems of environmental law in various parts of the world are getting more and more alarming. The research results by Elizabeth Fisher (2019) and Sanja Bogojevic (2019) indicate that several environmental law policies have been controlled by populism, as happened in several countries in Europe. Populism is transformed into a movement of people's will which certainly has an impact on the enforcement of environmental laws by various countries around the world. For this reason, this paper intends to discuss the law and to find the definition and influence of populism in protecting environmental laws in the welfare state. The aim was to determine a picture of populism and its influence on the development of environmental law. The result is that populism as an idea or ideology also means a discursive style, and it can also be interpreted as a form of political mobilization. The rise of populism threatens the development of environmental law. Populist attitudes lead to climate skepticism on environmental protection. Environmental protection may provide idealized targets for populists by framing this issue area as an elite project. Individuals who display highly populist attitudes perceive a lack of representation in these issue areas and, therefore, because of the problem of anti-elitism, reject climate and environmental policies. In other words, elite resistance tends to be associated with climate skepticism and lower support for environmental protection.