We present a physical model to calculate the direct tunneling hole current through ultrathin gate oxides from the inversion layer of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors. A parametric self-consistency method utilizing the triangular well approximation is used for the electrostatics of the inversion layer. For hole quantization in the inversion layer, an improved one-band effective mass approximation, which is a good approximation to the rigorous six-band effective mass theory, is used to account for the band-mixing effect. The tunneling probability is calculated by a modified Wentzel–Kramers–Brilliouin (WKB) approximation, which takes the reflections near the Si/SiO2 interfaces into account. It is found that the parabolic dispersion in the SiO2 band gap used in the WKB approximation is only applicable for hole tunneling in oxides thinner than about 2 nm and for low gate voltage. A more reasonable Freeman–Dahlke hole dispersion form with significantly improved fitting to all experimental data for different oxide thickness and gate voltage range is adopted and discussed.

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The prevalence of IL-17-producing FOXP3(+) CD4(+) tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

We consider scheduling in wireless networks and formulate it as Maximum Weighted Independent Set (MWIS) problem on a “conflict” graph that captures interference among simultaneous transmissions. We propose a novel, low-complexity, and fully distributed algorithm that yields high-quality feasible solutions. Our proposed algorithm consists of two phases, each of which requires only local information and is based on message-passing. The first phase solves a relaxation of the MWIS problem using a gradient projection method. The relaxation we consider is tighter than the simple linear programming relaxation and incorporates constraints on all cliques in the graph. The second phase of the algorithm starts from the solution of the relaxation and constructs a feasible solution to the MWIS problem. We show that our algorithm always outputs an optimal solution to the MWIS problem for perfect graphs. Simulation results compare our policies against Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) and other alternatives and show excellent performance.

BackgroundDengue fever is the most common arboviral infection in humans, with viral transmissions occurring in more than 100 countries in tropical regions. A global strategy for dengue prevention and control was established more than 10 years ago. However, the factors that drive the transmission of the dengue virus and subsequent viral infection continue unabated. The largest dengue outbreaks in Taiwan since World War II occurred in two recent successive years: 2014 and 2015.MethodsWe performed a systematic analysis to detect and recognize spatial and temporal clustering patterns of dengue incidence in geographical areas of Taiwan, using the map-based pattern recognition procedure and scan test. Our aim was to recognize geographical heterogeneity patterns of varying dengue incidence intensity and detect hierarchical incidence intensity clusters.ResultsUsing the map-based pattern recognition procedure, we identified and delineated two separate hierarchical dengue incidence intensity clusters that comprise multiple mutually adjacent geographical units with high dengue incidence rates. We also found that that dengue incidence tends to peak simultaneously and homogeneously among the neighboring geographic units with high rates in the same cluster.ConclusionBeyond significance testing, this study is particularly desired by and useful for health authorities who require optimal characteristics of disease incidence patterns on maps and over time. Among the integrated components for effective prevention and control of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever are active surveillance and community-based integrated mosquito control, for which this study provides valuable inferences. Effective dengue prevention and control programs in Taiwan are critical, and have the added benefit of controlling the potential emergence of Zika.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3159-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.