ĮvadasRinkimų kampanijos metu partijos ir politikai skiria daug dėmesio kampanijai per žiniasklaidos priemones, tikėdamiesi padaryti įtaką rinkėjų apsisprendimui. Ir nors sunku tvirtai pasakyti, kiek ši kampanija iš tiesų lemia apsisprendimus, žiniasklaidos pateikiama informacija ir analizė vis tiek yra svarbus demokratinis priešrinkiminio laikotarpio dėmuo.Šiame straipsnyje kol kas nėra gilinamasi į žiniasklaidos įtaką rinkėjų apsisprendimams, tačiau analizuojamas žiniasklaidos naudojimas rinkimų kampanijos metu fragmentacijos aspektu. Fragmentacijos sąvoka apibūdina auditorijos išsisklaidymą į atskirus fragmentus, kurį skatina didėjantis medijų kanalų skaičius. Fragmentacija suvokiama kaip grėsmė demokratijai labiausiai dėl to, kad gali paskatinti poliarizaciją, kai atskiriems fragmentams priklausantys auditorijos nariai priimdami sprendimus remiasi iš anksčiau turima informacija bei nuomone ir nebesusitinka su kitais visuomenės nariais, turinčiais kitokių poreikių ir nuomonę 1 . Taigi fragmentacijos tema yra ypač aktuali rinkimų tyrimuose, nes kyla klausimas, ar vis dar yra erdvių, kur rinkėjai išgirsta skirtingas nuomones ir gali (patys ar per žurnalistus) diskutuoti su kitokią nuomonę turinčiais piliečiais ir priimti geriau apsvarstytus sprendimus?Apie auditorijos fragmentaciją kalbama jau seniai, tačiau labiausiai ji siejama su naujosiomis medijomis, ypač internetu. Jų ryšys akivaizdus, nes skaitmeninės medijos ne tik smarkiai didina informacijos ir nuomonių pasiūlą, bet ir leidžia auditorijos nariams tikslingiau rinktis tam tikrą informaciją bei išvengti kitos. Per porą pastarųjų dešimtmečių fragmentacijos diskursas beveik visiškai nustelbė koncentracijos diskursą, dominavusį iki XX a. pabaigos.Tačiau, nagrinėjant fragmentacijos diskursą, krinta į akis vis dar menkas daromų su fragmentacija susijusių prielaidų empirinis 1
The article deals with one of the features of media discourse connected to conversationalization—speaking at the same time, i.e. speech overlaps and interruptions. The article focuses on overlaps and interruptions in talk programmes in Lithuanian radio and television in 1960–2011. Theoretically, overlaps are treated as an objective (audible) category, while interruptions are regarded as an interpretative category that can be analysed in terms of the talk sequence analysis or from the perspective of participants on the basis of their comments on interruptions (metadiscourse). In the empirical part of the article, the data of radio and television corpus were used to compare the change of overlaps and interruptions over three periods (Soviet, transitional and present-day).The quantitative analysis has shown that the number of overlaps increased considerably with every new period. The analysis also reveals an increased variety of situations where overlaps and interruptions occur. In the Soviet period overlaps and interruptions were associated with neutral and collaborative functions; in the transitional period they started to be used as turn-competitive device; in the present-day period, overlaps and interruptions are strongly competition- and power-oriented and also reflect the commercial nature of the media (entertainment function, interruptions for commercial breaks). These trends are also reflected in metadiscourse. In the present-day period there are relatively fewer apologies for interruptions but more verbal defence of one’s right to speak. This means that the competition for turn and the right to interrupt is taken as a norm. The identified changes should be interpreted not as a shift, but as an increase of variety, since in later periods programmes with many overlaps and new functions of overlaps and interruptions appear as an additional feature, without making the earlier types of programmes and functions of overlaps and interruptions disappear.The change of overlaps and interruptions can be associated with more general changes in media discourse, e.g. increased dialogicality. These changes were brought about by political changes in the public sphere, and changes in radio and television (shift to the commercial model of broadcasting). In the late present-day period changes must be also influenced by global (Western) trends of media development.
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