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Lentinus crinitus basidiocarps are an alternative to antimicrobials, but the stipe (24% basidiocarp) is discarded even with potential antimicrobial activity. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of L. crinitus basidiocarp pileus and stipe extracts against foodborne pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms. Basidiocarps of L. crinitus were grown in sugarcane bagasse and rice husks and the pileus and stipe methanolic extract was analyzed by broth microdilution method for antimicrobial activity against eight bacteria and eight fungi. The minimum bactericidal concentration values for pileus and stipe ranged from 0.40 to 0.50 mg mL − 1 , for streptomycin from 0.10 to 0.50 mg mL − 1 , and for ampicillin from 0.40 to 1.20 mg mL − 1 . The minimum fungicidal concentration values for pileus and stipe ranged from 0.06 to 0.60 mg mL − 1 , for bifonazole from 0.20 to 0.25 mg mL − 1 , and for ketoconazole from 0.30 to 3.50 mg mL − 1 . Extracts had bacteriostatic, bactericidal, fungistatic and fungicidal activity against all microorganisms, but with greater efficiency and specificity for some microorganisms. Both pileus and stipe are promising and sustainable alternatives for use in food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The lack of a clear definition for human "race" and the importance of this topic in medical practice continue to create doubt among scholars. Here, we evaluate the use of the variable "race" by medical students in Salvador, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING:Cross-sectional study at a Brazilian federal public university.METHODS: 221 randomly selected subjects were included. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The results were expressed as means and standard deviations of the mean, proportions and frequencies. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the importance of different racial groups in medical practice, the majority of the professionals do not use or know how to classify them. It is necessary to add to and/or expand the discussion of racial and ethnic categories in medical practice and research.RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A falta de uma definição clara da raça humana e a importância desse tema na prática médica continua a ser fonte de dúvidas para estudiosos. No presente artigo nós avaliamos o uso da variável raça por estudantes de medicina em Salvador, Brasil.TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: corte transversal, realizado numa universidade pública federal.MÉTODO: 221 estudantes, , foram incluídos. Um questionário semi-estruturado foi utilizado para a coleta dos dados. Os resultados são expressos como média e desvio-padrão da média, proporções e frequências. O teste do χ 2 (qui-quadrado) foi utilizado para o cálculo estatístico. RESULTADOS:Aproximadamente metade dos estudantes (45,4%) usava a variável grupo racial na sua prática clínica em estudos. Desses, 86,8% a consideravam uma informação relevante no prontuário médico; 92,7% no raciocínio diagnóstico; 95,9% acreditavam que ela influenciava a causa, expressão e prevalência das doenças; 94,9% afirmaram que ela contribuía para estimar o risco de doenças; 80,5% informaram que a resposta terapêutica a medicamentos pode ser influenciada pelas características raciais; 41,9% consideravam que sua inclusão nas pesquisas era sempre recomendável; e 20,3% a avaliavam como indispensável. As principais características fenotípicas usadas para a classificação racial foram: cor da pele (93,2%), tipo de cabelo (45,7%), formato do nariz (33,9%) e espessura dos lábios (30,3%).CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de sua importância na prática médica, a maioria dos profissionais não usa e não sabe classificar os diversos grupos raciais. É necessário adicionar e/ou ampliar a discussão sobre as categorias raciais e étnicas no exercício da medicina e nas pesquisas médicas.

SUMMARY:The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality, phenolic compounds, fatty acid and antioxidant activity in vitro as well as a toxicological screening of A. muricata seed oil in vivo. The chemical composition and quantification of phenolic compounds were determined by the Adolfo Lutz Institute normative. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods. The oil was extracted by chloroform/ methanol and precipitated crude (AmPtO) and supernatant oils (AmSO) were obtained. The fatty acid profile was evaluated by gas chromatography and total compounds by HPLC-DAD. BALB/C mice received AmPtO and AmSO (0.5 and 1.0mL·Kg -1 ) for 14 days. Toxicity parameters were assessed. The major fatty acids in the oil were oleic (39.2%) and linoleic (33%). HPLC-DAD suggested the presence of acetogenins (annonacin: 595 [M-H] -), with a greater presence in AmPtO. The AmPtO group showed toxicity, which may be related to the acetogenin content in AmPtO. The AmSO group showed no toxicity and this oil has potential for food or medicinal use. KEYWORDS:Acetogenins; Annona muricata seeds; Annonacin; Linoleic acid; Oleic acid RESUMEN: Potencial del aceite de Annona muricata L.: Caracterización nutricional y fitoquímica asociada con no toxicidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad nutricional, compuestos fenólicos, ácidos grasos, actividad antioxidante in vitro y evaluación toxicológica del aceite de las semillas de la Annona muricata. La composición química y los compuestos fenólicos se determinaron de acuerdo con las normas del Instituto Adolfo Lutz y la actividad antioxidante por métodos de DPPH, FRAP y ABTS. El aceite fue extraído con cloroformo/metanol obteniéndose un precipitado crudo (AmPtO) y un aceite sobrenadante (AmSO). El perfil de ácidos grasos fue evaluado por cromatografía gaseosa y los compuestos fitoquímicos mediante HPLC-DAD. BALB/C recibieron AmPtO y AmSO (0,5 y 1,0 mL·kg