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Background: Hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder that is an incurable clinical condition. It requires lifelong therapy for its management along with long terms application of synthetic drugs associated with severe toxicity in multiple organs. However, the therapeutic application of herbal medicines to treat hypertension has gained considerable attention. The limitations and hurdles associated with conventional plant extract medications are their safety, efficacy, dose, and unknown biological activity. Objective: In the modern era, the active phytoconstituent-based formulation has come into trend. Various extraction techniques have been reported to extract and isolate active phytoconstituents. Pharmacognostic, physiochemical, phytochemical, and quantitative analytical methods were developed for their qualitative and quantitative analysis. The passage of time and changes in lifestyle also modulate the variable cause of hypertension. Single-drug-based approach therapy cannot efficiently control the cause of hypertension. Designing a potent herbal formulation with different active constituents and modes of action against hypertension is necessary to effectively manage hypertension. Method: This review comprises a selection of three different plants, Boerhavia diffusa, Rauwolfia Serpentina, and Elaeocarpus ganitrus exhibiting antihypertension activity. Result: The objective behind selecting individual plants is their active constituents which have different mechanisms of action for the treatment of hypertension. This review comprises the various extraction methods of the active phytoconstituents and pharmacognostic, physiochemical, phytochemical, and quantitative analysis parameters, respectively. It also lists active phytoconstituents present in plants and the different pharmacological modes of action. Selected plant extracts have different antihypertensive mechanisms. Extract of Boerhavia diffusa consisting of Liriodendron & Syringaresnol mono β-D-Glucosidase exhibit Ca2+ channel antagonistic activity; where Reserpine is a phytoconstituent of Rauwolfia serpentina, which depletes catecholamine, Ajmalin shows an antiarrhythmic effect by blocking the sodium channel and the aqueous extract of E. ganitrus seeds reduces mean arterial blood pressure by inhibiting the ACE enzyme. Conclusion: It has been revealed that poly-herbal formulation of respective phytoconstituent can be used as potent antihypertensive medicine to treat hypertension effectively.

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The primary objective of the proposed research work is to extract and enrich pure andrographolide (AGL) by varying the polarity index and Hildebrand solubility parameter (δ) of a moderately polar solvent. Both parameters affect the solubility of AGL in different solvents and extraction methods. AGL was extracted from the whole plant Andrographis paniculata. Continuous or Direct, Maceration and Soxhlet extraction method used for extraction. Based on the appearance of the crystal in the direct Soxhlet ethyl acetate method, their yield was further optimized by using a randomized response surface (RSM) and quadratic model-based Box‒Behnken design (BBD). HPTLC was used to determine the AGL extraction efficiency, purity, and quantification. Based on the obtained result, the pure andrographolide crystal (yield 0.185 g/g) was obtained by direct Soxhlet extraction. Ethyl acetate is used as a solvent. The Rf exhibited in the TLC chromatogram was 0.28. The FT-IR spectra exhibited characteristic peaks similar to the standard AGL, and 1H-NMR and 13C NMR elucidated the crystal structure. The DEPT − 90/135 spectra showed that the extracted crystal was pure AGL. One of the novel approaches is isolating pure AGL crystals in a moderately polar solvent (ethyl acetate) by elevating the Hildebrand solubility parameter despite using polar solvents. AGL crystals were obtained from direct Soxhlet extraction by ethyl acetate. It is a single-step and more economical method. It can be easily transformed into a pilot or industrial setup to extract the pure AGL.