Integrated Farming System is a holistic approach in which different enterprises are utilized in a collaborative way, wherein the resources are managed efficiently so that waste output of one enterprise serves as the input for another. Due to an ever-increasing population, the arable land is becoming increasingly scarcer per person, leaving little room for horizontal agricultural expansion. There are 115 million working farms in India, with about 80% of them being small or marginal farmers. With Integrated Farming System, the living standards of these farmers can be enhanced by efficient utilization of different enterprises. The IFS is actually a mixed farming system wherein different enterprises like dairy, fish, poultry, and other beneficial enterprises give an enhanced returns with lower risks, which can intermediate the losses of crops in case of severe climatic conditions. Under IFS, various enterprises having lower dependency on severe weather circumstances, the farmer is comparatively on safer side as far as the adversities of crop losses are concerned There are many advantages to integrated farming systems (IFS), such as a more efficient use of farm resources and an eco-friendlier strategy to farming. As a system of crop and livestock farming, IFS consists of at least two distinct but logically interdependent parts. Water efficiency, weed and pest control, and soil health can all be improved with IFS. It also helps to maintain water quality. Chemical fertilisers, weed killers, and pesticides should be used sparingly in an integrated farming system in order to protect the environment from their harmful effects. Adopting an Integrated Farming System (IFS) ensures a stable and long-term source of farm income by integrating a number of businesses to make the most of the land's natural resources. IFS itself is important for sustainable development of farmer by improving yield, economic return, employment generation, nutritional security and livelihood.

Wheat is an important cool season cereal crop of India, production and quality get compromised due to biotic and abiotic stresses. Wheat is susceptible to a variety of diseases and insect pests, including birds. Birds attack on standing crop are not very often and extent and pattern of damage varies considerably, however, its management practices is generally not taken in to account. The bird preferred to attack wheat crops while they were in the reproductive stage, especially during milking to dough stage. The data collected over the course of a two-year field study in the Kashmir valley at Research Farm Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) has been subjected to Random Forest model to determine whether there is a trait-specific specific preference for attack if any. Random forest (RF) model identified five major features out of 13 selected features of wheat germplasm with seventy percent accuracy for parrot birds’ preferred to attack on wheat germplasm. RF Model suggests that taller height, having long spikes and a greater number of ears, along with more biomass and grain yields, could be possible traits that bird pest target during the reproductive stage. It was inferenced that the average performance of the random forest model demonstrated with model accuracy (71%), sensitivity (0.77), kappa 0.41 and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC-0.74) and showed good fit for classification of parrot attack on wheat germplasm.

Weeds management under organic agriculture demands organic herbicides / bioherbicides.to address this issue an experiment was conducted in Centre of Environment Sciences and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda to study the effects of different concentration and bioassay of encapsulated essential oil extracted (EOs) from Callistemon viminalis on Echinochloa cruss galli and Phalaris minor under lab conditions. Encapsulation efficiency of gum arabic and maltodextrin (GAMD) EOs increased from 26 to 31% for 4 to 8% of EOs concentration. The sizes of all the particles were found in the range of 1-10 μm. The reduced size in case of EOs loaded GAMD-EOs encapsulates may be due to the application of spray drying method used during the preparation. Maximum germination inhibition was observed with P. minor as compared to the E. crus-galli L. The probable reason behind this may be the relatively smooth seed coat, smaller weight to volume ratio of P. minor as compared to the E. crus-galli L. Among all the treatments basal application of encapsulates with 8 % essential oil was found more lethal and result in maximum phyto-toxicity by registering less shoot length and root length and fresh biomass weight. Also, the individual constituents of the EOs can be explored for their use as herbicides and then their encapsulated formulations can be used for scale up in the field conditions.

WOFOST version 7.1.3 is a computer model that simulates the growth and production of annual field crops. All the run options are operational through a graphical user interface named WOFOST Control Center version 1.8 (WCC). WCC facilitates selecting the production level, and input data sets on crop, soil, weather, crop calendar, hydrological field conditions, soil fertility parameters and the output options. The files with crop, soil and weather data are explained, as well as the run files and the output files. A general overview is given of the development and the applications of the model. Its underlying concepts are discussed briefly.

Critical P eriod of W eed Control (CPWC) is the period in crop growth cycle during which w eeds must be controlled to prev ent unacceptable yield losses.T w o sets of treatments w ere imposed to represent both increasing duration of w eed interference and the length of the w eed-free period measured after germination. The first set of treatments consists of increasing duration of w eed interference by delaying w eed control from the time of crop emergence up to predetermined w eek (w eedy up to 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 w eeks after germination (W AG) of Kala Zeera ) . The second set of treatments established six lev els of increasing length of the w eed-free period (w eed free upto 2, 4, 6, 10 and 12 W AG). Besides tw o controls (W eed free and w eedy check). These comprised of 14 treatments which w ere laid out in randomized complete block design with three replication. It w as rev ealed that v ariation in Kala zeera seed yield due to w eeds is upto 88% and yield gets reduced as low as 48 % in w eedy check plots. Early w eed competition does not hav e hav e profound influence in Kala zeera crop.According to av erage data of tw o y ears inv estigation, it w as concluded that W eeds emerging betw een 6-12 W AG appear to be most detrimental to Kala zeera growth and yield and hence qualifies critical stage for w eed competition.