Introduction:Courage is the ethical virtues that has special place in the nursing profession, whose role in patient support is highlighted. Courage virtues seems to grow with environmental reinforcement and social support. Hospital as a dynamic social institution has different forms of ethical climates. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the ethical climate of the hospital and the moral courage of the nurses in one of the medical universities of Iran medical science's selected hospitals. Method: This study is a descriptive-correlational study. The sample included 156 nurses who were selected by available method. A translated questionnaire of Olson's ethical climate and Sekerka's et al moral courage was used to collect data, in addition to demographic questions. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: Nurses' perception of the ethical climates of the hospital was average (mean= 3.79, SD = 0.56) and their courage was moderate (mean 3.87, SD=0.86). There was a significant positive correlation between nurses' ethical climates and their moral courage (r = 0.90, p <0.001). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the moral courage virtue of nurses in ethical climates of support and care grows well. Therefore, to improve the role of protecting patients' rights and promote moral courage, attention should be paid to improving the ethical climates of the hospital. In addition, planners and nursing managers should consider arrangements for developing the ethical climates of the workplace.

Introduction: While attending in university have pleasant experiences for many students, academic activities will lead to academic burnout for some of them. Obviously, academic burnout will have negative effects on mental, psychological and physical well-being of students. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between quality of learning experiences and academic burnout among nursing students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2015.Method: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 223 nursing students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. The samples were selected by quota and then convenience sampling method, and demographic and educational questionnaires, Newman's quality of learning experience questionnaire and Bersow's academic burnout inventory were completed by subjects. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical methods such as correlation coefficient, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression. Results:The results showed a significant negative correlation between the quality of learning experiences and academic burnout (r = -0.18; p: 0.006), and the subscales of these two variables, with the most relationship was found between lack of academic interest and the content of the curriculum (r = -0.22; p: 0.001). By entering the main and underlying variables to multivariate linear regression model in step-by-step method, the student's interest in the field of study before entering the university and the mean score were known as the explanatory factor for academic burnout. Conclusion: Academic burnout of students can be influenced by the quality of their learning experiences. But this connection may indirectly be influenced by underlying factors such as academic performance and general interest in the field.

Background: Nurses working in neonatal intensive care units are increasingly faced with a moral distress due to nature of their profession. It is anticipated that this amount of moral distress can have a negative effect on their affection and compassion towards the patient. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between moral distress and compassion fatigue in NICU Nurses. Method: This descriptive correlational study was conducted with 172 nurses working in the neonatal intensive care unit in educational hospitals in 2016. Data were collected using demographic information form, Corley's moral distress questionnaire, Figley's compassion fatigue. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Findings:The mean score of moral distress in the range (0-5) in the repetition dimension was 0.62 ± 2.01 and in the dimension of intensity was 0.89 ± 3.11. The average of compassion fatigue in the range (0-6) was 0.50 ± 3.94, normal to high. In examining the dimensions of compassion fatigue, the highest score belonged to the degree of compassion satisfaction 0.82 ± 4.48 and then the exhaustion 0.53 ± 3.70 and post-traumatic stress 0.84 ± 3.63. Conclusion:The results of this study indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between the intensity of moral distress and compassion fatigue (P= 0.001 r= 0.436), but between the frequency of moral distress and compassion fatigue, there was no relationship (P= 0.142 r= 0.137). Significant correlation was found between age (r = 0.22), nursing experience (r = 0.24) and work experience in neonatal intensive care unit (r = 0.187) with compassion fatigue. The results of this study indicate that extreme moral distress can be related with compassion fatigue.

Background Studies on relationship between tubal ligation and endometrial cancer have led to contradictory findings. In several studies, however, a reduced endometrial cancer risk was suggested following tubal ligation. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between tubal ligation and endometrial cancer risk. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies published up to May 30th, 2018. We compared endometrial cancer risk in women with and without tubal ligation in retrieved studies. Results Two hundred nine studies were initially retrieved from the data bases. After exclusion of duplicates and studies which did not meet inclusion criteria, ten cohort and case-control studies, including 6,773,066 cases, were entered into the quantitative meta-analysis. There was 0.90% agreement between two researchers who searched and retrieved the studies. The summary OR (SOR) was reported using a random effect model. Begg’s test suggested that there was no publication bias, but a considerable heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 95.4%, P = 0.001). We pooled the raw number of tables cells (i.e. a, b, c, and d) of eight studies. The SOR suggested that tubal ligation was significantly associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer (SOR = 0.577, 95% CI = 0.420–0.792). Also, given the rare nature of endometrial cancer (< 5%), different effect sizes were considered as comparable measures of risk. Therefore we pooled ten studies and SOR of these studies revealed that tubal ligation was significantly associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer (SOR = 0.696, 95% CI = 0.425–0.966). Besides that, we pooled eight studies in which adjusted effect sizes were reported and a subsequent analysis revealed that the summary estimate of adjusted odds ratio (SAOR) was significant (SAOR = 0.862, 95% CI = 0.698–1.026). Conclusions This study revealed a protective effect of tubal ligation on endometrial cancer risk (approximately 42% lower risk of cancer). It is recommended that studies should be designed to reveal mechanisms of this relationship.