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A study was carried out on energy consumption and carbon emission in growth oriented Dharmpur block of Solan district of Himachal Pradesh. The energy consumption pattern revealed that fuelwood consumption contributed highest (80.43%) proportion of total energy mix followed by electricity (11.55%), kerosene (2.87%), dung cake (2.79%), LPG (2.31%) and diesel (0.08%). The daily energy consumption pattern in kg of coal equivalent for fuelwood, electricity, kerosene, dung cake, LPG and diesel was worked to be as 10.09, 1.45, 0.36, 0.35, 0.29 and 0.01, respectively. The per capita annual energy consumption of electricity was estimated to be 160 kWh, kerosene (1.29 liters), dung cake (0.07 tonnes) and fuelwood (0.76 tonnes). Annual CO2 emission from households in Dharmpur block was estimated as 86,603 tonnes out of which 74,275 tonnes (80.64%) was emitted from the fuelwood consumption only. The annual per capita energy consumption from all sources for Dharmpur block was estimated to be 12.5 tonnes of coal equivalent. The per capita CO2 emission from different energy sources in Dharmpur block was 1.1 tonnes.

The present study demonstrated the growth kinetics of a potent high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (HMW-PAH) degrader Bacillus subtilis BMT4i (MTCC 9447) using mobil oil or engine oil as the sole carbon and energy source. The study was performed to demonstrate the variations in morphology and growth kinetics in benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) degrading BMT4i due to the mobil oil induced stress conditions. The morphological variations were evaluated using Gram staining and spore staining (Schaeffer-Fulton method) followed by assessment of viability and growth using colony forming units (CFU)/ml method by means of growing Bacillus subtilis BMT4i in basal salt medium (BSM) with mobil oil (2%: BSMM) as sole carbon and energy source at different time intervals. The findings represented that mobil oil has noticeable effect on the shape and size of BMT4i cells. After 24 h of exposure to mobil oil, maximum BMT4i cells entered in to endospore development and several exospores were released after 24 h. The growth kinetics depicted an exponential increase in BMT4i cells in BSMM with increase in incubation time up to 3 days accomplishing maxima of 2.1 x 1019 demonstrating approx. 2x1011-fold enhancements in cell number and afterwards cell number declined. Increase in CFU number (approx. 2x1011 fold) was directly linked with the BMT4i potential to use mobil oil as the sole carbon and energy source leading to elevation in cell number within just 3 days. Thus, it could be concluded that Bacillus subtilis BMT4i (MTCC 9447) is very competent in using mobil oil as the sole source of carbon and energy and hence it could be employed for bioremediation of mobil oil and PAH contaminated sites.

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