A novel co-regulation exists between the first step of GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchor biosynthesis and the rate-determining step of ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans. Depleting CaGpi19p, an accessory subunit of the enzyme complex that initiates GPI biosynthesis, down-regulates ERG11, altering ergosterol levels and drug response. This effect is specific to CaGpi19p depletion and is not due to cell wall defects or GPI deficiency. Additionally, down-regulation of ERG11 down-regulates CaGPI19 and GPI biosynthesis.

A microbial study was conducted from wastewater soils of hospitals in Aizawl, Mizoram, India which were in existence for a longtime. The isolated bacteria from the wastewater soils were found to be mainly of Morganella morganii and Bacillus cereus and these isolated bacteria were found to be very resistant to a wide range of antibiotics and heavy metals. Antibiotics that were used for treating infections caused by these bacteria like chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin were also found to be insensitive. The degree of resistance was also very high when compared to earlier reports of antibiotic resistance observed in the corresponding bacteria. Our results suggested that the high degree of resistance is probably conferred by the continued exposure to antibiotics from hospital waste leading to a selected population of highly antibiotics-resistant bacteria.

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Removal of cadmium ions through adsorption has been investigated by locally available wood biochar. The motivations of the present study were to investigate the application of this wood biochar in the field of environmental problem, so that wood biochar would be more valuable for the community. Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Flory-Huggins, Fowler-Guggenheim, and Harkin-Jura isotherms were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. Similarly, Pseudo- first order, Pseudo- second order, Intra-particle diffusion, and liquid film diffusion models were used to study the kinetics of adsorption. The sorption process is favorable with a monolayer formation and predominantly physical adsorption when the equilibrium was attained. The negative value of Gibbs free energy (ΔGo) indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically spontaneous and feasible. The presence of repulsion between the adsorbed molecules was also confirmed. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was 28.57 mg/g. The kinetics of the adsorption process follows Pseudo- second order and is also controlled by diffusion through the liquid film. It is also confirm existence of boundary layer influence by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion. From these studies, the wood biochar could be used as adsorbents for efficient treatment of Cd (II) from aqueous solution.

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