Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is the most contagious disease of mammals and has a great potential for causing severe economic loss in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. Egypt has a long history of occurrence of FMDV outbreaks, as the country is dependent on importation of live animals and meat from many countries all over the world. The present study was designed for detection, isolation and molecular characterization of FMDV circulating among different regions in Behaira governorate. Thirty-eight tissue samples were collected from clinically diseased cattle and buffalo from different localities of Beheira governorate. Direct detection of FMDV using ELISA revealed that 84.2% of the samples were positive. Molecular characterization showed that 24 samples (75%) were positive for serotype O and eight samples (25%) were positive for serotype SAT2. This indicates the predominance of serotype O FMDV in Behira, Egypt.

During the service life, the asphalt pavement layers subjected to various detrimental types of distresses such as permanent deformation, fatigue, stripping and shoving which lead to the complete failure of the pavement. In Iraq roads the permanent deformation (rutting) is the importance distresses which cause impact on the highway performance and reducing the service life of the pavement. The research aims to utilize locally available materials and environment friendly as reinforcement layer. The program of this research include preparing asphalt mixes represent surface layer by using locally available materials and using the reinforcement layer which made of reed. The permanent deformation test has been done with three temperatures (40˚C, 50˚C and 60˚C) and four locations of the reed mats. The test results of the wheel-Track for the rutting measurement showed that the rut depth decrease in reinforcement layers as compared with unreinforcement layers for all temperature testing. The reed netting embedded bottom and middle of wearing layer has the best amount of improvement (75%, 84% and 85%).

The building of Basrah University located in a rural area at Gramat Ali, its consist of seven colleges and very high number of students, lecturers ,and employers. Therefore, the intersections which leading to university building suffer congestion at morning peak hour (8-9) A.M and evening peak hour (2-3) P.M. In this study we collected the data in intersections which leading to university building at peak hour at same time, then we had analysis this data by using the highway capacity manual (HCM) and program (HCS). Also, we collected that data in University entries with classification of vehicles according to types and number of passengers at peak hour. Then we studied the number of proposals to riddance the congestion, such as the effect of vehicles prohibition which one and two passenger to entry in University at peak hour. This proposal will riddance of the congestion at University entries and intersections.

Gutters are used to drain water way off to the Inlet. This process significantly reduces the phenomenon of hydroplaning and thus reduces traffic accidents. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the characteristics road (manning's coefficient, longitudinal slope, and cross slope) on the capacity of gutter, and spread as well as the change which was clarified for all gutters types. Two simulation models have been developed in this study, which represent the major components of the system. These models are spread Model (SM), Gutter Capacity Model (GCM), and the first model studies spread if rain information is available, while the second model studies a gutter capacity if no rain information is available. The study reached at the conclusion: gutter capacity is inverse proportion with manning’s coefficient and directly proportional with cross slope and longitudinal slope for road. Affect spread is different according to form gutter.

The main objective of this work is to study of effect of rainfall intensity on the thickness of pavements layers of flexible pavement structure. This is using Maple 13 software for modeling of this problem and calculation the rainfall intensity and pavement infiltration. It was found that pavement infiltration increases with increasing rainfall intensity because of, the increase in the rainfall intensity caused an increase in the infiltrated water to the base and sub-base layers. Accordingly an increase in pore water pressure resulted which intends cause an increase in porosity and decrease of base and subbase degree of compaction. Accordingly which leads to increase in time-to-drain, decrease in drainage coefficient for base and sub-base, and subsequently, request to increase their thickness. For flexible pavement, rainfall intensity 256 mm/hr is giving pavement infiltration, thickness and drainage coefficient 3.2m/day, 46 cm, 0.57 respectively and rainfall intensity 25 mm/hr is giving pavement infiltration, thickness and drainage coefficient 0.4 m/day, 18.5cm, 1.7 respectively. Drainage of accumulated water on pavement is accordingly drained rapid in as short time as possible due to minimize potential moisture damage to a pavement structure. It was found that soil type effects of moisture in pavement based on conditions of total saturation with loss of pavement strength from through affect the state of stress through suction (effective porosity) or pore water pressure and affect the structure of the soil through destruction of the cementation between soil particles because of, soil types difference in coefficient of permeability. Where, soil types have been used in this study Well-graded sand, Uniform dense sand and Fine-grain soil.