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Defining and consequently calculating eco-efficiency in production activities has been a problem for practitioners using quantitative approaches found in literature. Based on cases of environmental performance (EP) benchmarking, the authors seek to understand how eco-efficiency can be captured as a systemic quality with transferable properties across manufacturers. A review of the benchmarking literature is performed on EP measurement and management practices with special focus on case study comparisons between industrial processes and production facilities. The authors cluster cases that demonstrate EP variations with respect to organizational structure. Based on a natural resource-based view of the production system, the authors develop a framework that qualitatively analyzes eco-efficiency in terms of capabilities and practices in manufacturing. Initial research data about the framework's applications through different research methods develop insights on the options available for manufacturers that wish to understand the roadmap to energy and resource efficiency in production facilities.

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