The primary prerequisite for successful dental implant treatment is osseointegration, in which the primary stability of the implant is essential (Szmukler-Moncler et al., 2000). The primary stability can be evaluated by using the insertion torque value (ITV), periotest value (PT), and resonance frequency analysis (RFA). In clinical scenarios, ITV and RFA are both commonly used methods. The ITV is the maximum torque generated during implantation. A high ITV can be deemed as one of the prerequisites for a satisfying immediate loading procedure (Esposito et al., 2009), and a value of 32 N•cm for a single implant can be considered for immediate loading (Ottoni et al., 2005). RFA is
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