A recent study revealed that organically raised Bronze turkeys showed a high prevalence of green liver discoloration. This alteration is commonly associated with the Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex and potentially caused by opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, 360 organically fattened Bronze turkeys were examined post-mortem throughout two fattening trials with two examinations each to determine possible infectious risk factors and reduce disease prevalence. Clinical and pathoanatomical examinations were performed on every hen. Histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, and virological examinations were performed on at least six hens without and, if applicable, six hens with green livers on each examination date. Overall, 9.0% of all hens had a green liver without a correlation with bacterial or parasitological findings but multiple health impairments. The discoloration correlated significantly with the detection of immunosuppressive turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus at the early stage and macro- and histological joint/bone lesions at the late fattening stage, indicating the presence of two different predisposing pathogeneses. Flocks not being vaccinated against hemorrhagic enteritis but having a virus-positive sample showed the highest prevalence of green liver discoloration and developed worse in various parameters. In conclusion, an adequate vaccination schedule and the prevention of field infections may lead to a decreased risk of performance reduction and improved animal health.
ZusammenfassungHerkömmliche Putenställe enthalten oft außer den Futter- und Tränkeanlagen sowie Einstreu keine Strukturelemente oder Beschäftigungsmaterial. Diese können aber vielfältige Vorteile für das Tierwohl haben (räumliche Trennung des Ausübens natürlicher Verhaltensweisen, Rückzugsmöglichkeit, Anregung zur Fortbewegung) und werden auch in der konventionellen Putenhaltung v. a. vor dem Hintergrund der Minimierung von Beschädigungspicken zunehmend diskutiert. Die in der Literatur beschriebenen Effekte von Strukturelementen bzw. eingebrachten Beschäftigungsmaterialien lassen sich zwar teilweise aufgrund der Variation der Studien nicht exakt vergleichen, doch überwiegen positive Effekte. Allerdings müssen beim Einsatz solcher Elemente verschiedene Variablen berücksichtigt werden. So hängen die Nutzung und der positive Effekt von Aufbaummöglichkeiten u. a. von Art und Maßen der eingesetzten Aufbaumstruktur sowie Geschlecht, Alter und Herkunft der Tiere ab. Eine Möglichkeit zum Aufbaumen sind z. B. eingebrachte Strohballen, die zusätzlich als Beschäftigungsmaterial dienen. Bei Angebot von Heu oder Stroh muss zusätzlich grobkörniger Grit verabreicht werden, um einer Verstopfung des Magen-Darm-Trakts entgegenzuwirken. Beschäftigungsmaterialien sollten wechselnd und in ausreichender Menge angeboten werden. Außenklimabereich und Auslauf bieten klimatische und optische Reize sowie zusätzlichen Bewegungsraum, doch auch hier sind verschiedene Grundvoraussetzungen zu berücksichtigen. Prinzipiell haben bei allen genannten Verbesserungen für das Tierwohl das Engagement und die Kenntnisse des Mästers ausschlaggebende Bedeutung. Daher werden regelmäßige Weiterbildungen dieses Personenkreises empfohlen.
Green liver discoloration (GL) in fattening turkeys is suspected to be a multifactorial disease complex with a compromised immune system as the key factor. This study aimed to identify the formal pathogenesis of GL and to investigate possible nutritional influences. A total of 360 Bronze turkey hens out of 10 flocks from 5 fattening farms were necropsied for detection of GL during 2 consecutive trials on 2 examination dates each (70th to 75th and 120th to 127th day of fattening, respectively). At each examination date, hematological and clinical chemistry analyses, as well as determination of vitamin E and selenium concentrations in the liver, were carried out in 6 hens with (if applicable) and 6 hens without GL, representing a total of 130 individuals. Raw nutrient, energy, amino acid, bulk and trace element, and vitamin E and D3 concentrations were analyzed in feed samples for each of the five feeding phases during each trial. The results of the hematological analyses, clinical chemistry analyses, and determination of vitamin E and selenium liver concentrations were statistically evaluated between: (i) individuals with and without GL, and (ii) individuals from flocks with and without turkeys with GL. At both fattening stages, the occurrence of GL was characterized by an inflammatory reaction. A subacute inflammatory reaction was detected in the early fattening stage, indicating a viral cause of the disease. In the late fattening stage, acute inflammation indicated a bacterial cause of the disease. The results of the feed sample analyses of the different flocks were generally quite homogeneous. However, the nutrient and energy content of the feed likely contribute to GL pathogenesis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.