Este artigo foca na relação entre candidatas e partidos, buscando como a ideologia partidária e o feminismo podem estruturar estes relacionamentos. Em um survey com 81 candidatas à Assembleia Legislativa de Minas Gerais em 2010, as respondentes se sentem negligenciadas e acreditam que isso tem um efeito negativo considerável sobre suas chances de sucesso, independentemente da ideologia do partido. Entrevistas semiestruturadas com três presidentes partidários estaduais de Minas Gerais (representando esquerda, centro e direita) demonstram que a retórica partidária pode ser bastante diferente, mas que ações internas diferem apenas ligeiramente. O estudo busca apresentar a percepção das candidatas sobre sua presença em seus partidos, e como lideranças estaduais de três partidos veem a presença feminina e a inclusão das mulheres na política. Essa pesquisa corrobora estudos prévios com dados novos, e apresenta novos conhecimentos ao campo de gênero e política.

The following paper discusses gender and campaign financing, using the Brazilian case as to demonstrate how these factors, combined with the electoral system, affect women's success in elections. Brazil is a strong example because it uses a proportional representation system with open list, federalism, and large district magnitudes. This results in a large number of individualistic campaigns. Data from state and federal elections (2002-2018) was collected and analysed, with the introduction of a new measure, amount spent per vote. The results show that women do not benefit as much as men from an incumbent bump, and that funding is better distributed among men, leaving a few elite women as likely winners. Overall, elected women spend 22% more than elected men per vote on their path to office. This partly explains, along with the other factors analysed throughout the paper, the gender gap in Brazilian political representation.

Abstract. Feminist theory has offered new institutionalism key contributions as to how gender relates to public policy. Feminist institutionalism has researched the many ways welfare policies have impacted women and the many ways women, as elected officials, have impacted those policies in turn. As substantive representation research turns its eye towards legislative representatives, women in executive offices and their actions have been overlooked.As studies show, there are certain policy areas that face gender stereotypes: education, health, arts, family protection, and other welfare areas. Brazilian federalism and its execution of welfare policies is quite specific in its institutional design. Since the end of the last dictatorship, there have been efforts towards decentralisation. States have more control over their spending; however, municipalities face stricter rules regarding taxation and how to spend it. Municipalities are in charge of executing most of Brazilian public policy, but have little control in designing them. What they are allowed to design tends to be induced through programmes and resources. Those resources for the execution of programmes come from several kinds of transfers, from federal and state governments. In the state of Minas Gerais, in Brazil, the Robin Hood Law states that municipalities that create institutions and/or policies in certain welfare areas will have access to slightly more resources.Research has shown that municipalities do invest in bettering themselves in this institutionalisation process, despite the small amount of funds that come with them. Therefore, our research asks: are female mayors more efficient in accessing specific resources from government transfers? Using regression analysis and other statistical tools, we hope to able to demonstrate how gender might play a role in the division of those funds.

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To assist the Welsh Government in balancing the productivity-related objectives with the societal objectives of lifelong learning, the Wales Centre for Public Policy was asked to conduct an evidence review into lifelong learning. This review aims to inform policy discussions and support the implementation of the Tertiary Education and Research (Wales) Bill published on 1st November 2021 which renews the emphasis on lifelong learning in Wales through the establishment of the Commission for Tertiary Education and Research (CTER). The report is structured around key areas of lifelong learning: the context in which it takes place; lifelong learning in visions and strategies; rights and entitlements to lifelong learning; the need to strike the balance between targeting and universal provision; barriers to learning; balancing the economic and social objectives; the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders and lifelong learning governance structures; effective forms of support for learning institutions; and comparing lifelong learning in Wales with other parts of the UK. The report concludes with a set of consolidated recommendations to the Welsh Government.