Brazil has become one of the epicentres of the COVID-19 pandemic, with cases heavily concentrated in large cities. Testing data is extremely limited and unreliable, which restricts health authorities’ ability to deal with the pandemic. Given the stark demographic, social and economic heterogeneities within Brazilian cities, it is important to identify hotspots so that the limited resources available can have the greatest impact. This study shows that decentralised monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage can be used to assess the distribution of COVID-19 prevalence in the city. The methodology developed in this study allowed the identification of hotspots by comprehensively monitoring sewers distributed through Belo Horizonte, Brazil's third largest city. Our results show that the most vulnerable neighbourhoods in the city were the hardest hit by the pandemic, indicating that, for many Brazilians, the situation is much worse than reported by official figures.
RESUMO A recente detecção de material genético (RNA) do novo coronavírus em amostras de fezes e no esgoto aponta para a possibilidade de se identificar a circulação do vírus e até mesmo estimar o número de pessoas infectadas em determinada região pelo monitoramento sistemático do esgoto, configurando-se em importante ferramenta epidemiológica de testagem massiva indireta, incluindo portadores sintomáticos e assintomáticos. Nesse sentido, concebeu-se um projeto para a detecção e a quantificação do novo coronavírus em amostras de esgoto coletadas em 15 sub-bacias de esgotamento sanitário dos ribeirões Arrudas e Onça, visando entender a dinâmica de circulação e a prevalência do vírus nas regiões investigadas. Tais sub-bacias esgotam os efluentes gerados por uma população da ordem de 1,5 milhão de pessoas no município de Belo Horizonte e parte de Contagem. O plano de amostragem contemplou 17 pontos (15 sub-bacias + afluente às 2 estações de tratamento de esgoto) de monitoramento semanal, com coletas compostas durante todo o período da manhã. A detecção e a quantificação do RNA viral efetuaram-se em laboratório por meio de ensaios de RT-qPCR. Os resultados obtidos em quatro semanas de monitoramento (semanas epidemiológicas 21 a 24) mostraram um incremento da ocorrência do vírus, atingindo 100% das regiões investigadas na semana epidemiológica 24. A estimativa da população infectada pelo novo coronavírus pelo monitoramento do esgoto em Belo Horizonte apresentou tendência de crescimento exponencial, sendo até 20 vezes maior do que o número de casos confirmados acumulados. Quanto à circulação do vírus, as concentrações do RNA viral têm se mostrado bastante variáveis nas regiões monitoradas, com maiores porcentagens de população infectada estimada ao norte e nordeste da capital mineira.
Two bioreactors were investigated as an alternative to post-treatment of effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating domestic sewage, with an aim of oxidizing sulfide into elemental sulfur, and removal of solid and organic material. The bioreactors were operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (6, 4, and 2 h) and in the presence or absence (control) of packing material (polypropylene rings). Greater sulfide removal efficiencies – 75% (control reactor) and 92% (packed reactor) – were achieved in both reactors for an HRT of 6 h. Higher organic matter (COD) and solid (TSS) removal levels were observed in the packed reactor, which produced effluent with low COD (100 mg CODL−1) and TSS concentrations (30 mg TSSL−1). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis results revealed that a metabolically diverse bacterial community was present in both bioreactors, with sequences related to heterotrophic bacteria, sulfur bacteria (Thiocapsa, Sulfurimonas sp., Chlorobaculum sp., Chromatiales and Sulfuricellales), phototrophic purple non-sulfur bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodocyclus sp.) and cyanobacteria. The packed reactor presented higher extracellular sulfur formation and potential for elemental sulfur recovery was seen. Higher efficiencies related to the packed reactor were attributed to the presence of packing material and higher cell retention time. The studied bioreactors seemed to be a simple and low-cost alternative for the post-treatment of anaerobic effluent.
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