In-depth structured interviews were conducted with spokespeople for 176 inner-city churches regarding perceptions of existing community problems, number of currently offered church-based social and health programs, and potential interest in church sponsorship of new maternal and child health programs. The sample of respondents represented 78% of the 227 churches located in a low-income, primarily black urban area with 150,000 residents. The typical church participating in the survey was Baptist with a congregation of 100 to 500 people, most of whom were not community residents. The leading community problems identified by the clergy were, in descending order: lack of jobs, teenage pregnancy, gang crime, school drop-outs, and hunger. The perception of community problems matched the church services offered as measured by the number of food and clothing pantries. Few churches had ongoing programs for neighborhood youths. Although many of these same churches expressed interest in expanding services for mothers, adolescents and children, few perceived themselves as having the necessary staff, funds, or technical expertise to conduct such programs.

Current research on USS Arizona is focused on a minimum-impact technique for calculating corrosion rate of the battleship's steel hull by analysing physical and chemical properties of marine encrustation covering the exposed hull. An equation is derived that allows concretion thickness, density, and total iron content to be used to calculate corrosion rate of steel hull plate. © 2006 The AuthorsKey words: USS Arizona , steel corrosion, battleship, concretion, marine encrustation. The National Park Service's (NPS) Submerged Resources Center (SRC) and USS Arizona Memorial (USAR) are collaborating with the University of NebraskaLincoln (UNL) on research directed at understanding the nature and rate of natural processes affecting the deterioration of USS Arizona in Pearl Harbour, Hawaii (Fig. 1). The Pennsylvaniaclass battleship USS Arizona , completed in 1916, was sunk in Pearl Harbour on 7 December 1941 during the Japanese attack on the US Navy's Pacific Fleet. In the first 15 minutes of the attack, Arizona endured hits from several bombs, was strafed, and then at about 08.10 the battleship suffered a mortal blow. A Japanese Nakajima B5N2 'Kate' horizontal bomber dropped a single 1760-pound projectile that struck near Turret No. 2, penetrating deep into the battleship's interior before exploding and sympathetically detonating the forward magazine. When the forward magazine exploded most of the battleship's forward half was destroyed below the upper deck, including the forward oil bunkers. The ship sank in minutes, but the explosion ignited fires that raged for 2 1 / 2 days. A total of 1177 sailors and marines aboard Arizona were killed, and nearly 1000 men are still entombed within the ship. USS Arizona 's loss remains the largest single-ship loss of life in US naval history. The USS Arizona Preservation Project is multiyear, interdisciplinary and cumulative, with each element contributing to provide the basic research required to make informed management decisions for the battleship's long-term preservation. This project builds upon prior documentation and research conducted by SRC during the 1980s (Lenihan, 1989) and follows the minimumimpact approach advocated by the NPS (Murphy and Russell, 1997). The primary project focus is acquiring requisite data to understand the complex corrosion and deterioration processes affecting Arizona 's hull, both internally and externally, and modelling and predicting the nature and rate of structural changes ).An important aspect of this project is accurately to determine remaining hull thickness for inclusion in a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) being conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD. The FEA is designed to model Arizona 's structural deterioration and eventual collapseinformation critical for developing a sound, scientifically-based management plan and for determining when, or if, intervening in the vessel's natural deterioration should be considered. A key first-step in this process is determining the remaining thicknes...

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Over the last 40 years, there has been a discernible increase in the number of scholars who have focused their research on early industrial organizations, a field of study that has come to be known as Archaeotechnology. Archaeologists have conducted fieldwork geared to the study of ancient technologies in a cultural context and have drawn on the laboratory analyses developed by materials scientists as one portion of their interpretive program. Papers for this department are solicited and/or reviewed by Michael Notis, a professor and director of the Archaeometallurgy Laboratory (www.Lehigh.edu/~inarcmet) at Lehigh University. The assessment of corrosion on the USS Arizona included the pioneering development of a minimum-impact costeffective technique to determine the corrosion rate of steel-hulled shipwrecks in seawater. The technique, with potential application worldwide, is illustrated in this paper with the application to a World War II Japanese midget submarine submerged in deep waters off the Oahu, Hawaii, coast.