For a number of years, the Ghana Railway system and infrastructure have been unattractively inactive and have deprived the nation and economy of its development rate and living expenses substantially. Speed, space, weight, distance, expense and time are expedient with regards to a developing economy. Consider the gain if all these are catered for at least to an extent in the railway sector. Freight movement and passenger transport on a high rate could benefit the economy a great deal minimizing a lot of expense, accidents, traffics etc. and also lead dramatically towards increased commodity production, trade boost and people development. With the recent plans by the Government on the trans-ECOWAS railway link and job creation, investment boundaries will be open to resource extraction and improved agricultural commerce. This paper primarily reflects the major drive towards the Ghana Railway Development. Certain influencing factors carefully searched out are outlined with a view at its high potential as a rail recovery cornerstone.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the economic effects caused by the crisis impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: We explored various kinds of literature from various journals to find out the level of trust and financial behavior of the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results and findings: The phenomena that occurred during the crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as excessive volatility and the confidence of unaffected financial institutions, cannot be explained through the traditional market paradigm. In this paper, we explore this phenomenon from a behavioral finance perspective and discuss some relevant cognitive errors and biases during and after the crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Limitation:The study explains by exploring the phenomenon from the viewpoint of financial behavior and discussing some of the relevant cognitive errors during and after the crisis. We only look at each phenomenon from a psychological point of view and consider its relevance to financial institutions and markets as well as the financial crisis due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The study examined the specific factors that influence management share holdings and how this impact on the value of the firm in Ghana. The study specifically sought to find the relationship existing between managerial ownership and firm worth, non-linear relationship between managerial ownership and firm value, how managerial ownership and firm value are affected by size of firm and firm growth opportunities. Using secondary data from Ghana Stock Exchange from the period of 2015 to 2019, ten financial institutions (Banks) and ten non-financial institutions (non-bank) were purposively selected for the study, considering data availability and accessibility. Inferential statistics was adopted in analysing the data collected. The study found a weak positive linear relationship between firm worth and management's share holdings in the organization. The findings from the second research question revealed that the nature of the bond between management share holdings and firm value was the fact that it was nonlinear, however with no visible description of shape but rather fluctuating in nature. The study further found that there is a moderately weak positive association between firm worth and management share of holdings of the organization in the presence of firm size. The findings from the final research questions also revealed that connection between firm value and management holding of share is influenced by firm growth opportunities. The study recommends the development of a more robust and parsimonious model in the examination of the association between management ownership share and firm size to help improve on the strength and nature of the relationship as was revealed by weak correlation and coefficient of determination values.

Purpose -The purpose of this study is to find out more about supply chain problems during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia and how government decisions help solve supply chain problems, by forming several policies by adjusting the situation and conditions during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Methodology -We use some literature both from Indonesia and from research abroad which are related and have a similar relationship with the problems that occur in Indonesia today relating to supply chain constraints. The literature is taken from several previous research journals, government regulations, and reviews of research conducted by previous researchers. Result and findings -lower interest rates, tax elimination, and direct assistance to business actors to provide assistance to ensure the smooth running of the supply chain and reduce spikes in costs and prices for necessities in the community. The leniency of regulations to facilitate supply chains to be able to distribute goods and services to various regions is not hampered even though Covid-19 is hitting Indonesia. Research implication -This study seeks to add to the still limited literature on supply chains during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Also, this research can be used as a framework for educational institutions such as universities and government agencies to provide important references regarding supply chain management during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially in Indonesia. Limitation -The study was carried out by analyzing some of the existing literature and more research is still needed regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of government policies on supply chain control and performance during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia, and the results are based on descriptive analysis only. Future research -Further studies can use research-based on quantitative analysis to measure the extent of supply chain constraints and the efficiency of the Indonesian government's decisions in overcoming supply chain problems in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic.

No abstract