3The genetic structure of European mudminnow populations throughout the species range was examined using 44 mitochondrial DNA and seven microsatellite loci. Ten mitochondrial haplotypes were detected, suggesting three 45 phylogeographic lineages, which likely diverged during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. These three lineages 46 geographically correspond to three regions: the Danube drainage including the Drava system and Dniester Delta, 47the Sava system, and the Tisza system. High genetic diversity observed using mtDNA was confirmed with 48 microsatellite data, suggesting the existence of 14 populations in the studied area. The isolation-with-migration 49 model showed that migration rates between populations were generally low, and were highest between the Drava 50 and its tributary Mura. According to the inferred relative population splitting times, U. krameri likely spread from 51 the eastern part of the species range to the west, which also showed the highest genetic diversity and largest

Seventy-six individuals of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri from two recent populations from Serbia (Bakreni Batar and Lugomir) and one from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Gromiželj) were analysed for habitat preferences and population structure. The population from Lugomir is a newly recorded population in Serbia. Besides this new record, it is noteworthy that all three studied locations are outside the currently known species distribution range limits.

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Road construction and usage have a wide range of direct and indirect negative effects on protected areas. The impact of state roads on protected areas in Vojvodina was reviewed in this article, based on the orientation values of habitat loss and secondary negative effects originating from traffic functioning. Results of the assessment indicate that the use of existing roads constructed on habitats within the national ecological network exceeded the capacity of individual PA-protected areas (e.g., in case of Straza Natural Monument). Recorded capacity overflow on other PAs occurs solely as a consequence of overlapping between protected areas and areas of influence of roads routed along the borders of protected areas (which is the case with Slano Kopovo Special Nature Reserve and Selevenjske pustare Special Nature Reserve). The aim of this article is to show that even with the smallest values of the parameters related to the width of roads and critical distance from the habitat, the vulnerability of certain core areas of the national ecological network is evident.

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