Background: A atoxins are major contaminants of feed used in poultry industry that negatively affect animal and human health. In Ethiopia, previous studies on a atoxins mainly considered cattle feed and milk, but scarce information exists for poultry feeds. Method: The aim of this study was to determine the burden of a atoxin in poultry feed in bishoftu.Cross sectional study was conducted from December, 2018 to May, 2019and 33 compound poultry feed samples were randomly collected from chicken rearing villages of Bishoftuand analyzed for G2, G1, B2 , B1 and total a atoxins using HPLC. Results: The result indicated thatfrom a total of 33 samples 31(94%) samples were contaminated with a atoxin. The mean level of a atoxin G2, G1, B2, B1 and total a atoxinswere 18.00 µg/g, 88.5499 µg/g, 13.50µg/g, 70.11µg/g and 190.18µg/g respectively. This study curtained the level of a atoxinin 25 (72.75%) samples for AFT and 22 (66.67%) samples for AFB1 were above the limit of FDA regulatory levels of 20µg/g for poultry feed. Conclusion: The study showed the high contamination of a atoxins in poultry feed. The study warrants the need for preventive strategies of a atoxin contamination including implementation of regulatory legislation in poultry feeds in Bishoftu.

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3Twelve bacteriophage isolates of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, were isolated from blighted 4 apple, pear and quince trees from different sites in Hungary. According to morphological characteristics they 5 were assigned to the order Caudovirales, two isolates belonging to the Podoviridae and ten to the Myoviridae 6 families. Examining plaque morphology, host range and molecular characterization by PCR established that 7 these phages are not identical neither to the three North American strains used as references nor the earlier 8 isolated Hungarian Siphoviridae strains. Studying the efficacy of selected phages in apple blossoms and green 9 pear fruit slices it was found that a combination of three phage isolates (ΦEaH2A, ΦEaH5K and ΦEaH7B)