Hydrometallurgy is the most suitable extractive technique for the extraction and purification of manganese as compared to all other techniques including biometallurgy and pyrometallurgical processes. In the hydrometallurgical processing of manganese from its ore, the leach liquors often contain divalent ions such as iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt and zinc along with other impurities which make manganese very difficult to separate. The processes employed for solution concentration and purification in the hydrometallurgical processing of manganese include precipitation, cementation, solvent extraction and ion exchange. Solvent extraction also proves more efficient and it plays vital roles in the purification and separation of the manganese as compared to all other techniques. A detailed review of the various steps involved in the hydrometallurgical manganese processing, concentration and purification processes and newer processes of extraction of manganese from ores and waste materials were discussed.

Background: Self-medication is the inappropriate use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms. Even though Self-medication has benefits as it enhances better use of clinical skills and increases access to medication; it is also associated with risks such as adverse drug reactions and antibiotics resistance. Objectives: To determine prevalence of self-medication practices among dental outpatients , triggering factors that influence self-medication practice and common source of drugs. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Clinic of the Department of Preventive Dentistry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital over a period of 6 months using self-administered questionnaires adapted from previous studies. Data obtained was analysed and expressed as frequencies and percentages. Test of associations was done using chi-square (p < 0.05). Results: Age of respondents ranged from 16 to 78 years (32.24 ± 13.47). M:F was 1:1. Prevalence of self-medication was 45.5%; toothache was the most prevalent reason for self-medication (71%). The frequently used drugs for self-medication were analgesics (65%) while the most common source for the drugs was the pharmacy (60%). Educational status (X 2 = 12.85, P < 0.05), gender (X 2 = 6.42, P < 0.05) and likelihood of recommending drugs to family and friends (X 2 = 10.38, P < 0.05) were significantly associated with self-medication. Conclusion: This study revealed high prevalence of self-medication with toothache as the predominant trigger and pharmacy, the most common source.

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Fire incidents are common place in urban areas like Lagos metropolis, given its multi-dimensional nature. Extensive loss of lives and properties from incessant fire outbreaks are indicative of some obvious need to tackle the problem of fire incidence from prevention to recovery. This study analyzes fire safety measures adopted in residential buildings in Yaba Local Development Council Area of Lagos state. Specifically, it highlighted fire incidents over the period 2008 to 2018, maps the distribution of mitigation facilities and assessed fire safety measures in selected residential buildings in the LCDA. Administrative records and field surveys provided the spatial and aspatial data used for the study. Fifteen (15) incidents were recorded administratively. There is just one (1) fire station in the area and four (4) hydrants, mostly located at the center of the LCDA. Incidents were an average 3.03km from the fire station with an average response time of 9.36 minutes. Fire exits and extinguishers were the main safety facilities available to residents even though a high percentage of the extinguishers were non-functional. The cost and indifference of residents to safety device integration in their homes were identified as the major hinderances. Education of residents on fire safety protocol and insurance; enacting laws for fire safety equipment in homes, and increase in mitigation facilities were recommended.