It is undisputed that humans must retain responsibility for the development and use of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) because machines cannot be held accountable for violations of international humanitarian law (IHL). However, the critical question of how, in practice, humans would be held responsible for IHL violations involving AWS has not featured strongly in the policy debate on AWS. This report aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of that very question. This report explores how the two central frameworks structuring the ascription of responsibility for IHL violations—namely the rules governing state responsibility and individual criminal responsibility—apply to the development and use of AWS. The report aims to help policymakers (a) deepen their understanding of the conditions necessary to hold states and individuals accountable for IHL violations; (b) identify issues that would make IHL violations involving AWS development and use potentially difficult to discern, scrutinize and attribute; and (c) formulate policy measures that could help uphold respect for IHL and reduce challenges to holding actors legally responsible.

It is undisputed that the development and use of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) must comply with international humanitarian law (IHL). However, how IHL rules should be interpreted and applied in the context of AWS remains, in some respects, unclear or disputed. With a particular focus on human–machine interaction, this report aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of this issue. Informed by an in-person expert workshop that SIPRI convened in November 2022 and contributions to the international policy discussion on AWS, the report maps areas of common ground and identifies aspects that warrant further clarification concerning what key rules of IHL, particularly those guiding the conduct of hostilities, permit, prohibit and require in the development and use of AWS. In doing so, the report provides a baseline for policymakers to advance discussions around what types and uses of AWS are (or should be) prohibited or regulated under existing IHL.

Vastuullisuusviestintää koskevat kysymykset ovat nousseet ajankohtaisiksi kaikenkokoisten yritysten arjessa. Tutkimus on aiemmin keskittynyt suurimpien kansainvälisten suuryritysten julkiseen vastuullisuusraportointiin, mutta nyt se on alkanut osoittaa kiinnostusta myös pienempien yritysten vastuullisuusviestintään. Tässä artikkelissa, jonka aineisto ja taustakirjallisuus perustuu vuoden 2021 pro gradu -tutkielmaan (Takki 2021), tarkastelemme haastattelututkimuksen keinoin vastuullisuusviestintää koskevaa ajattelua suomalaisissa keskisuurissa ja suurissa yrityksissä. Tutkimme vastuullisuusviestintään johtavia paineita ja motiiveja sekä siihen liitettyjä ongelmia ja haasteita. Esitämme, että vastuullisuusviestinnän paineet ja haasteet tuottavat yrityksille ristipainetta, joka johtaa jopa paradoksaalisiin tilanteisiin.