Age parameters in cetaceans allow examining conservation and studying individuals with growth affection. The age and sexual maturity of 51 stranded Stenella coeruleoalba striped dolphins from the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) of Costa Rica, most suffering brucellosis (95.6%), were assessed. In order to ascertain the dolphins’ ages, we measured the length and growth of dentin-layer group counts (GLGs) and assessed flipper bone radiography without (FBSA) and with a formula (FBF). Sexual maturity was determined through gonadal histology and sexual hormone serum levels. Compared with a model based on S. coeruleoalba ages estimations in other latitudes, the striped dolphin studied displayed deficient growth parameters, with considerable variability in length, teeth, and flippers bone development. Close to 43% (n = 15) of GLGs’ measurements were below the body length average ranges for the predicted age, suggesting developmental abnormalities. Likewise, 34.4% and 31.2% of the dolphins assessed by FBSA and FBF were also below the body length based on age prediction curves, also indicating developmental abnormalities. This information is supported by the poor correlation between GLGs, FBSA, and FBF. Inconsistencies between sexually mature males and females related to GLGs, FBSA, and FBF were evident. Although the different oceanic settings of the ETP, such as contamination, food access, diseases, and other parameters, may influence size variation, our data also suggest that long-lasting debilitating brucellosis may account for detrimental growth in the ETP striped dolphins. Our study highlights the possible deleterious consequences of chronic infectious diseases in the cetacean populations already confronting distressful conditions.
In wild animal species, the use of non-invasive and non-stressful procedures to determine hormone profiles, such as fecal steroid measurements, has considerably increased the comprehension of their reproductive physiology. Since there is limited information related to the reproductive hormone profiles of the two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmani, a study was conducted in captive specimens at the “Sloth Sanctuary” (Cahuita, Limón, Costa Rica), in order to determine: (i) the reliability of the fecal progesterone and estrogen extraction and its quantification with an AIA-360® analyzer, (ii) assess blood parameters in this species and (iii) evaluate if there is a correlation between fecal and plasmatic steroids. The study was performed over a three-month period, from November, 2013 to January, 2014, with a total amount of 208 fecal samples collected from five sexually mature females weighing 6.32 Kg in average. The average of the median concentrations of progesterone in feces of the five females was 124.21 ng/g, and 1 708.95 pg/g for estrogen. The average minimal and maximal values were 50.96 ng/g and 1 057.46 ng/g for progesterone and, 1 191.77 pg/g and 2 159.24 pg/g for estradiol. In plasma, progesterone median values were 1.26 ng/mL, showing a minimum of 0.32 ng/mL and 12.84 ng/mL as maximum values. The plasmatic estrogen levels were below the detection limit of the equipment (25 pg/mL). Although there was no strong statistical correlation between the fecal and plasmatic progesterone fluctuations, our data suggests that the plasmatic events are mostly reflected in feces two days afterwards. Also, the levels of progesterone were elevated during the first half of November and, subsequently, showed a successive and important reduction in all the females tested. Finally, our results demonstrated that fecal steroid extractions and their measurement in a AIA-360®, allowed the successful detection and represents an alternative non-invasive determination of hormone profiles in C. hoffmani.
Measurement of thyroid hormones and cortisol in horses withan automated immunoassay analyzer Abstract: Even though thyroid gland diseases are unusual in horses, it is important to have a reference interval for thyroid hormones in this species at every veterinary endocrine laboratory. In addition, cortisol and thyroid hormone measurement is useful in horses, not only for disease diagnosis, but as a tool for monitoring and researching performance and metabolic rate.The objectives of this study included (i) to test the capacity of the automated analyzer AIA 360® (TOSOH Bioscience) to measure thyroid hormones and cortisol in equine serum in a reliable way, and (ii) to establish a reference interval for thyroid hormones in Costa Rican horses using the AIA-360®.A total of 68 healthy and treatment free horses (31 males and 37 females) were sampled. Horses were grouped into three different categories according to their ages. Serum concentrations of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and cortisol were quantified with the AIA-360®. Statistic relationships of hormonal values, gender and age were determined using Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and Wilcoxon (U Man-Whitney) tests. P <0.05 was considered significant.Selected reference intervals were: TT4 14.16 -46.33 nmol/L, FT4 3.60 -16.09 pmol/L and cortisol 23.45 -166.64 nmol/L. No statistically significant relationship was found between gender, age, and hormone values. Besides, significant relationships (p<0.05) were found between hormone levels and some environmental parameters. Animals living at higher altitudes showed higher cortisol levels, while cortisol decreases as the environmental temperature rises. Moreover, the FT4 levels are higher as precipitation increases. Finally, TT4 seems to be lower as day light length increases; however, no statistical relationship was found (p<0.30). Our results show that the use of the automated analyzer AIA-360® is suitable to measure thyroid hormones and cortisol, and that the values found are comparable with other studies and analysis techniques.Keywords: horses, thyroid hormones, cortisol, reference interval, AIA-360®Resumen: A pesar de que las enfermedades tiroideas son poco comunes en equinos, es importante contar con un intervalo de referencia para hormonas tiroideas en cualquier laboratorio de endocrinología veterinaria. Asimismo, la medición de cortisol y hormonas tiroideas es útil en caballos, no solamente en el diagnóstico de enfermedades, sino que, ambos tipos de hormonas, son utilizadas como herramientas para monitorización e investigación del desempeño físico y la tasa metabólica. Los objetivos de este estudio son: (i) probar la capacidad del analizador automatizado AIA 360® (TOSOH Bioscience) para la medición de hormonas tiroideas y cortisol en suero equino de forma confiable y; (ii) establecer un intervalo de referencia para hormonas tiroideas en caballos costarricenses utilizando el AIA -360®.Se muestreó 68 caballos saludables, libres de medicación (31 machos y 37 hembras) y se agruparon en tres categorías, con base e...
Los quistes ováricos en perras son una condición poco frecuente, multifactorial y de difícil tratamiento, condición que adquiere relevancia ante el aumento de la popularidad en la reproducción de determinadas razas con fines comerciales. Una perra American Strafford de 8 años, con historia de haber estado extraviada durante un mes aproximadamente, ingresó por un cuadro de desnutrición severa, al examen físico se observó secreción vulvar purulenta, y por esto se realizó una evaluación ultrasonográfica abdominal que evidenció contenido intrauterino. La paciente no presentaba conducta sugestiva de actividad estrogénica elevada. Las pruebas de laboratorio mostraron anemia no regenerativa, trombocitopenia e hipoalbuminemia. Aun así, se sometió a ovario-histerectomía ante el riesgo de la infección. La inspección del tracto reproductivo extraído, mostró un ovario izquierdo de grandes dimensiones (2.5 x 4 cm), con apariencia irregular multinodular y presencia de varios quistes, con tamaños entre 0.2 a 0.5 cm de diámetro con contenido acuoso translúcido. El análisis histopatológico del ovario reveló dos cuerpos lúteos, uno de ellos con una dilatación quística, además de folículos primordiales, primarios en crecimiento y terciarios. En el nivel de la médula ovárica, originándose de la rete ovarii, se observó una proliferación neoplásica con múltiples estructuras quísticas, mientras que, en otros puntos, la proliferación neoplásica presentaba un crecimiento arboriforme (cistoadenoma papilar ovárico). Adicionalmente, el útero presentaba hiperplasia endometrial quística. Se realizó medición de hormonas reproductivas en el fluido quístico y en suero. En el valor sérico se detectó una concentración de progesterona de 4.19 ng/ml, testosterona de 13.01 ng/dl y estradiol <25 pg/ml. En el fluido quístico se obtuvo una concentración de 29.24 ng/ml de progesterona, 50 pg/ml de estradiol y 51.45 ng/dl de testosterona. Este caso evidencia la complejidad de la patogénesis de los síndromes poliquísticos y del abordaje terapéutico en hembras destinadas a la reproducción, ya que su origen y estructura es multifactorial.
El hipoadrenocorticismo, o enfermedad de Addison, representa un gran desafío diagnóstico por su similitud con varias patologías, tanto en su presentación clínica como en los hallazgos de laboratorio. Se recibió una perra castrada, French Poodle, con 4 años de edad y 4.8 kg de peso, que presentaba vómito, anorexia, depresión y temblores musculares durante los seis días previos. La paciente había sido atendida por otro médico, quien la trató por alteración hepática con fluidoterapia por 24 horas, dieta de prescripción, protectores hepáticos y la dio de alta. Sin embargo, los signos reaparecieron al tercer día posterior al tratamiento.Al momento de ingreso en el Hospital de Especies Menores y Silvestres presentaba mucosas pálidas, deshidratación leve, disnea inspiratoria, debilidad muscular, taquipnea, sonidos respiratorios aumentados y bradicardia. Se determinó anemia leve, hipoalbuminemia e hiperkalemia moderada. El ultrasonido reveló sedimento urinario, un pólipo vesical pequeño, gastritis moderada y colecistitis leve. La paciente se estabilizó con fluidoterapia (NaCl 0.9 %), una dosis de dextrosa al 25 % para control de la hiperkalemia, diuréticos y antiácidos. Se monitoreó constantemente y se mantuvo hospitalizada por estranguria (cultivo bacteriano positivo) e hiporexia por 4 días. Al descontinuar la fluidoterapia los signos se presentaron nuevamente, con azotemia, hiperkalemia severa e hipocloremia. Dados estos hallazgos clínicos y por las alteraciones electrolíticas (relación Na + /K + = 15.88) se consideró Addison como un diagnóstico diferencial. Ante la ausencia de mecanismos diagnósticos accesibles, se instauró el tratamiento inicial con prednisolona 2 % y de mantenimiento a largo plazo con fludrocortisona oral y se evaluó la respuesta. Al tercer día hubo remisión de los signos y hasta la fecha, no se ha presentado recidiva. Este caso ejemplifica la dificultad diagnóstica de una patología compleja que implica una interpretación minuciosa de los signos clínicos y que, en ausencia de pruebas específicas, se incrementa el desafío para los clínicos.
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