This article provides a comprehensive review of the empirical research on jury decision making published between 1955 and 1999. In total, 206 distinguishable studies involving deliberating juries (actual or mock) were located and grouped into 4 categories on the basis of their focal variables: (a) procedural characteristics, (b) participant characteristics, (c) case characteristics, and (d) deliberation characteristics. Numerous factors were found to have consistent effects on jury decisions: definitions of key legal terms, verdict/sentence options, trial structure, jury-defendant demographic similarity, jury personality composition related to authoritarianism/dogmatism, jury attitude composition, defendant criminal history, evidence strength, pretrial publicity, inadmissible evidence, case type, and the initial distribution of juror verdict preferences during deliberation. Key findings, emergent themes, practical implications, and future research directions are discussed.

This article offers a typology of team types found in organizations and reports the results of two surveys sent to U.S. organizations asking about the prevalence, duties, composition, and structure of groups and teams in practice. One sample was randomly selected from the entire population of U.S. organizations; the second sample consisted of organizations known or believed to use teams. Nearly half (48%) of the respondents in the random sample indicated that their organization used some type of team, and ongoing project teams were reported most frequently. Teams were more prevalent in organizations with multiple departments, multiple divisions, higher sales, and more employees. Interpersonal conflict was the best predictor of perceived team effectiveness, but several structural and composition characteristics of the team were related to conflict and/or effectiveness as well. Organizations that reported using teams generally did not support them in terms of team-level performance feedback or compensation practices.Groups and teams are ubiquitous in organizations-at least that is the impression one gets from reading the introduction to almost any article on the topic published in the last decade. Studies pertaining to work groups or teams typically begin by noting how widespread teams are and citing others who have arrived at the same conclusions, but there is little data to support this assertion. The 678 AUTHORS' NOTE: We thank Kathleen Brandt for her help in collecting data, two anonymous reviewers for providing constructive comments on an earlier draft of this article, and Mindy Phillips for her editorial assistance.

Laboratory research suggests juries that begin deliberation with a strong majority (i.e., 2/3 or more) usually end up choosing the verdict favored by this majority, whereas those without a strong majority generally acquit or hang. We tested the robustness of these findings in the field by examining trial and deliberation correlates of jury verdicts using data from 79 criminal jury trials held in Indiana. As expected, several trial characteristics and the first‐vote preference distribution were related to jury verdicts. However, there was no evidence of leniency bias—75% of those juries without a 2/3 majority on the first deliberation vote ended up convicting. Contributions of the study, limitations, and alternative explanations for the observed severity bias are discussed.

Abstract. An aerobic bench-scale experiment utilized algae to raise the pH (from -6 to above 8) and remove manganese from an anaerobic constructed wetland effluent (from >20 mg/L to <0.3 mg/L Mn). Additional laboratory experiments were conducted to further examine the manganese removal mechanisms that occurred in the bench-scale reservoirs. Sequential extractions of the algal mass found that the manganese was predominantly associated with the carbonate and Mn oxide phases, and the algae contained 30 mg Mn per dry gram. The biosorption of manganese by nonliving algae in high pH-high Eh aquatic environments was found to be minimal compared to the manganese removed from solution by precipitation as amorphous manganese oxyhydroxides. Limestone contained in one of the bench-scale reservoirs was found to contain 0.16 mg Mn per g limestone when the limestone surfaces were dissolved. Thus, the removal of manganese by the algal mixture contained in the bench-scale reservoirs was accomplished by the precipitation of manganese carbonates and oxides on the algal mass, the precipitation of amorphous oxyhydroxides, and the binding or precipitation of manganese on the limestone surfaces.

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