Agricultural systems face several challenges in terms of meeting everyday-growing quantities and qualities of food requirements. However, the ecological and social trade-offs for increasing agricultural production are high, therefore, more sustainable agricultural practices are desired. Researchers are currently working on diverse sustainable techniques based mostly on natural mechanisms that plants have developed along with their evolution. Here, we discuss the potential agricultural application of extracellular DNA (eDNA), its multiple functioning mechanisms in plant metabolism, the importance of hormetic curves establishment, and as a challenge: the technical limitations of the industrial scale for this technology. We highlight the more viable natural mechanisms in which eDNA affects plant metabolism, acting as a damage/microbe-associated molecular pattern (DAMP, MAMP) or as a general plant biostimulant. Finally, we suggest a whole sustainable system, where DNA is extracted from organic sources by a simple methodology to fulfill the molecular characteristics needed to be applied in crop production systems, allowing the reduction in, or perhaps the total removal of, chemical pesticides, fertilizers, and insecticides application.
Resumen Los compuestos agroquímicos se han utilizado en la agricultura en las últimas décadas para evitar pérdidas por plagas, nutrir la tierra, aumentar el rendimiento y la calidad de los cultivos. Sin embargo, el uso de estas sustancias en muchas ocasiones representa una fuente de contaminación ambiental y riesgos a la salud. Por ello, han surgido nuevas alternativas en la producción alimentaria, como el uso de elicitores, para consolidar una agricultura más sostenible y sin efectos adversos a la salud del consumidor. Los elicitores pueden estimular el metabolismo propio de las plantas para producir compuestos que resultarán en rasgos agronómicos deseados, como metabolitos secundarios de uso nutracéutico. En el presente artículo se muestra la perspectiva científica y ética de proyectos de investigación en los cuales se emplean diferentes elicitores para sustituir el uso de agroquímicos.
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