Prompt surgical intervention is more commonly indicated for severe EG and is directed at removal of the septic organ, while the primary indication for surgical intervention in GE is the uncertainty of the diagnosis.

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The results of this study, which simultaneously accounted for surgeon volume, hospital volume, and potential confounding patient characteristics, suggest that both surgeon and hospital volume have a significant effect on outcomes following pancreaticoduodenectomy, affecting not only mortality rates but also lengths of stay and costs.

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