The adolescent girls' history of stress fracture, including age when fracture occurred and site, were reported by their mothers, who are registered nurses, in 2004. Cox proportional hazards models were used in the analysis.Main Outcome Measure: Incident stress fracture that occurred between 1997 and 2004.Results: During 7 years of follow-up, 267 girls (3.9%) developed a stress fracture. Independent of age, age at menarche, family history of fracture, and hours per week of low-and moderate-impact activity, hours per week of running (hazard ratio = 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.23), basketball (hazard ratio = 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.23), and cheerleading/ gymnastics (hazard ratio = 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.22) were significant predictors of developing a stress fracture. No other type of high-impact activity was associated with an increased risk. Conclusion:Girls who engage in running, basketball, cheerleading, or gymnastics should be encouraged to include varied training in lower-impact activities to decrease the cumulative amount of impact in order to minimize their risk of stress fractures.

Temperament traits may increase risk for developmental psychopathology like Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviors during childhood, as well as predisposing to substance abuse during adolescence. In the current study, a cascade model of trait pathways to adolescent substance abuse was examined. Component hypotheses were that (a) maladaptive traits would increase risk for inattention/hyperactivity, (b) inattention/hyperactivity would increase risk for disruptive behaviors, and (c) disruptive behaviors would lead to adolescent substance abuse. Participants were 674 children (486 boys) from 321 families in an ongoing, longitudinal high risk study that began when children were three years old. Temperament traits assessed were reactive control, resiliency, and negative emotionality, using examiner ratings on the California Q-Sort. Parent, teacher, and self ratings of inattention/hyperactivity, disruptive behaviors, and substance abuse were also obtained. Low levels of childhood reactive control, but not resiliency or negative emotionality, were associated with adolescent substance abuse, mediated by disruptive behaviors. Using a cascade model, family risk for substance abuse was partially mediated by reactive control, inattention/hyperactivity, and disruptive behavior. Some, but not all, temperament traits in childhood were related to adolescent substance abuse; these effects were mediated via inattentive/hyperactive and disruptive behaviors. Keywords temperament; reactive control; disruptive behavior; substance abuse Substance abuse has serious consequences for youth, including the potential for long-term addiction. A key application of a temperament framework to developmental psychopathology involves the identification of liability for substance abuse. An extensive literature suggests a linkage between temperament traits and substance abuse (Caspi, Moffitt, Newman, & Silva, 1996;Das Eiden, Chavez, & Leonard, 1999; Masse & Tremblay, 1997;Mun, Fitzgerald, Von Eye, Puttler, & Zucker, 2001). At the same time, another literature links behavioral problems such as antisocial behavior with subsequent substance abuse (Masse & Trembley, 1997). Yet these two approaches to identifying predictors of substance abuse have not been connected. Children at high risk for substance abuse disorders often exhibit behavioral manifestations of NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript risk for psychopathology early on, whether conceptualized as temperament traits or disruptive behaviors (Zucker, Ellis, Bingham, & Fitzgerald, 1996).Temperament and disruptive behavior compete for some of the same behavioral terrain, begging the question of conceptual framing in any study of this sort. As used herein, temperament is defined as early-appearing and relatively stable differences in emotional reactivity and regulation (Rothbart & Bates, 1998). To operationalize temperament traits for children, we drew upon Eisenberg et al's (1996; model. In this model, reactive control i...

No abstract

No abstract