Although research on the epidemiology and ecology of Ebola has expanded since the 2014–15 outbreak in West Africa, less attention has been paid to the mental health implications and the psychosocial context of the disease for providers working in primary health facilities (rather than Ebola-specific treatment units). This study draws on 54 qualitative interviews with 35 providers working in eight peripheral health units of Sierra Leone's Bo and Kenema Districts. Data collection started near the height of the outbreak in December 2014 and lasted 1 month. Providers recounted changes in their professional, personal and social lives as they became de facto first responders in the outbreak. A theme articulated across interviews was Ebola’s destruction of social connectedness and sense of trust within and across health facilities, communities and families. Providers described feeling lonely, ostracized, unloved, afraid, saddened and no longer respected. They also discussed restrictions on behaviors that enhance coping including attending burials and engaging in physical touch (hugging, handshaking, sitting near, or eating with colleagues, patients and family members). Providers described infection prevention measures as necessary but divisive because screening booths and protective equipment inhibited bonding or ‘suffering with’ patients. To mitigate psychiatric morbidities and maladaptive coping mechanisms—and to prevent the spread of Ebola—researchers and program planners must consider the psychosocial context of this disease and mechanisms to enhance psychological first aid to all health providers, including those in peripheral health settings.

Case detection improved, but many false alerts were generated, suggesting a need for additional staff training.

BackgroundAcross low-income settings, community volunteers and health committee members support the formal health system - both routinely and amid emergencies - by engaging in health services such as referrals and health education. During the 2014–2015 Ebola epidemic, emerging reports suggest that community engagement was instrumental in interrupting transmission. Nevertheless, literature regarding community volunteers’ roles during emergencies generally, and Ebola specifically, is scarce. This research outlines what this cadre of the workforce did, how they coped, and the facilitators and barriers they faced to providing care in Sierra Leone.MethodsThirteen focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with community members (including members of Health Management Committees (HMC)) near the height of the Ebola epidemic in two districts of Sierra Leone: Bo and Kenema. Conducted in either Krio or Mende, each FGD lasted an average of two hours and was led by a trained moderator who was accompanied by a note taker. All FGDs were audio recorded, transcribed, and translated into English by the data collection team. Analysis followed a modified framework approach, which entailed coding (both inductive and deductive), arrangement of codes into themes, and drafting, distribution and discussion of analytic summaries across the study team.ResultsCommunity volunteers and HMC members described engaging in labor-related tasks (e.g. building isolation structures, digging graves) and administrative/community-outreach tasks (e.g. screening, contact tracing, and encouraging care seeking within facilities). Through their dual orientation as community members and as individuals linked to the health system, respondents described building community trust and support for Ebola prevention and treatment, while also enabling formal health workers to better understand and address people’s fears and needs. Community volunteers’ main concerns included inadequate communication with - and a sense of being forgotten by - the health system, negative perceptions of their role within their communities, and concerns regarding the amount and nature of their compensation.Discussion & ConclusionRespondents described commitment to supporting their health system and their communities during the Ebola crisis. The health system could more effectively harness the potential of local responders by recognizing community strengths and weaknesses, as well as community volunteers’ motivations and limitations. Clarifying the roles, responsibilities, and remuneration of health volunteers to the recipients themselves, facility-based staff, and the wider community will enable organizations that partner with health committees to bolster trust, manage expectations, and reinforce collaboration.

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This article examines Kogals, young Japanese women who challenge dominant models of gendered language and behavior through linguistic and cultural innovation. The article describes the linguistic resources Kogals use to construct female-centered subcultural identities and the condemnation and fetishistic interest they provoke in mainstream media. Media focus on these "misbehaving" girls places them at the center of an ongoing struggle over female self-definition and autonomy. The study of Kogals contributes to scholarly analysis of youth subcultures and to understanding of linguistic diversity and cultural heterogeneity in Japan. [adolescent subculture, gender, slang, representations, Japan]