This chapter aims to inform the Loss & Damage debate by analysing the degree to which insurance can be used as a tool to explore and manage adaptation frontiers. It establishes that insurance can be used as a navigational tool around adaptation frontiers in three ways: First, by facilitating the exploration of adaptation frontiers by contributing to a framework for signalling the magnitude, location, and exposure to climate-related risks and providing signals when adaptation limits are approached. Second, by supporting actors in moving away from adaptation limits by improving ex-ante decision making, incentivising risk reduction and creating a space of certainty for climate resilient development. Third, by aiding actors in remaining in the tolerable risk space by facilitating financial buffering as part of contingency approaches. However, we also find that insurance against the risks of climate change in market terms possesses several limitations. We therefore suggest the embedding of insurance in a comprehensive climate risk management approach accompanied by other risk reduction and management strategies as key principle for any international cooperation approach to respond to climate change impacts. Keywords Loss & Damage • Resilience • Climate risk insurance Comprehensive climate risk management 13.1 Introduction The idea of adaptation to climatic stressors has emerged as a mainstream risk management strategy to help maintain human-ecological systems in a "safe operating space" (Röckström et al. 2009). However, emerging literature underpinning

The debate on "Loss and Damage" (L&D) has gained traction over the last few years. Supported by growing scientific evidence of anthropogenic climate change amplifying frequency, intensity and duration of climate-related hazards as well as observed increases in climate-related impacts and risks in many regions, the

Replicate common gardens of Italian and Greek provenances of Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens, and Q. frainetto seedlings were established in 2017 in Italy, Greece, and Germany (here: also Q. robur) to assess their potential for plantations for future climate scenarios. The JIP-test was applied on saplings (2016) and in the summers of 2017-2019 to assess the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. Seedlings from the nurseries differed in the tested JIP parameters from older plants in the field. Further, considerable inter-annual and between-sites variability of the parameters occurred. Q. pubescens revealed the most stable behavior across time and site, with the Greek provenance usually showing higher values of performance index and the probability of electron transport beyond QAthan the Italian provenance. In the German sites, Greek Q. pubescens revealed higher values of most of the tested JIP parameters than the local species, Q. robur. index on absorption basis; RC/ABS -density of active reaction centres; RIE -Frankfurt-Riedberg; SAN -Sant'Anatolia di Narco; SWA -Frankfurt-Schwanheim; ΔVIP -relative fluorescence increase between I and P step, i.e., indicator for the relative contribution of electron transport from the intersystem carriers to the electron end acceptors of PSI; φPo -quantum efficiency of reduction of QA; ΨEo -probability of electron transport beyond QA -.