This study aims to investigate the effect of management regime on canopy arthropod community of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Field studies were performed in two successive years, 2002 and 2003, in two olive groves, one under organic farming and the other under integrated protection. The integrated protection grove was sprayed once a year in June, with dimethoate, to control the anthophagous generation of the olive moth, Prays oleae (Bern.). From April to November of each year, the canopy arthropods were sampled weekly. PRC method was used to analyse the effect of management regime at the community level and results showed that taxa responded differently to insecticide application suggesting that the organic grove was a more suitable habitat for the arthropods than the integrated protection grove. Abundance of arthropods peaked in May and June for both years but, after spraying with dimethoate, decreased significantly in integrated protection grove, recovering very slowly thereafter. Psocoptera, Miridae, Formicidae and Coccinellidae were the most sensitive taxa to insecticide application. Their decreasing in abundance was more evident in the second year of the trial. On the other hand chrysopids showed some tolerance to insecticide applications. These results suggest that the timing of spray is of utmost importance in reducing the side effects of spraying on beneficial arthropods. Moreover, differences in population susceptibility as well as in life cycle patterns must be considered.

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are the natural enemies of insect-pests. However, EPF recoveries can be influenced by the soil habitat-type(s) incorporated and/or the bait-insect(s) used. Galleria mellonella (GM) as bait-insect, i.e. 'Galleria-bait', is arguably the most common methodology, which is sometimes used solely, to isolate EPF from soils. Insect baiting using Tenebrio molitor (TM) has also been employed occasionally. Here 183 soils were used to estimate the functional diversity of EPF in Portuguese Douro vineyards (cultivated habitat) and adjacent hedgerows (semi-natural habitat), using the TM bait method. Moreover, to study the effect of insect baiting on EPF recovery, 81 of these 183 soil samples were also tested for EPF occurrences using the GM bait method. Twelve species were found in 44.26% ± 3.67% of the total of 183 soils. Clonostachys rosea f. rosea was found in maximum soils (30.05% ± 3.38%), followed by Beauveria bassiana (12.57% ± 2.37%), Purpureocillium lilacinum (9.29% ± 2.14%) and Metarhizium robertsii (6.01% ± 1.75%). Beauveria pseudobassiana (P < 0.001), C. rosea f. rosea (P = 0.006) and RESEARCH ARTICLELav Sharma et al. / MycoKeys 38: 1-23 (2018) 2 Cordyceps cicadae (P=0.023) were isolated significantly more from hedgerows, highlighting their sensitivities towards agricultural disturbances. Beauveria bassiana (P = 0.038) and M. robertsii (P = 0.003) were isolated significantly more using GM and TM, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that M. robertsii was associated both with TM baiting and cultivated habitats, however, B. bassiana was slightly linked with GM baiting only. Ecological profiles of B. bassiana and P. lilacinum were quite similar while M. robertsii and C. rosea f. rosea were relatively distant and distinct. To us, this is the first report on (a) C. cicadae isolation from Mediterranean soils, (b) Purpureocillium lavendulum as an EPF worldwide; and (c) significant recoveries of M. robertsii using TM over GM. Overall, a 'Galleria-Tenebrio-bait method' is advocated to study the functional diversity of EPF in agroecosystems.

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