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-As the failure of several recent Phase III drug development programmes bears witness, the clinical development of "disease-modifying" drugs in Alzheimer's disease has been confronted with challenging methodological difficulties. Taking into account the financial stakes involved taking drug candidates to the Phase III stage of development, and the risk of investing time and resources fruitlessly in the evaluation of poor candidate drugs, the crucial decision remains whether to proceed from Phase II to Phase III (Go/Nogo). The aim of Phase II studies is to select a molecule likely to be effective in Phase III, but also to eliminate candidate-drugs with an inadequate effect. No consensus currently exists on the best possible design of Phase II studies to inform the Go/Nogo decision optimally. The challenges in choosing the best study design relate to the target population, the end-point criteria used, in particular the use of biomarkers, the experimental protocol, and the study duration. The objective of the Round Table (RT) was to gather the opinions of French experts from the academic, industrial, and regulatory world in order to arrive at a consensus recommendation for the best possible design to be used in Phase II studies in Alzheimer's disease.
Texte reçu le 4 mars 2010 ; accepté le 25 mai 2010 Mots clés :Alzheimer ; développement clinique ; biomarqueur ; imagerie Résumé -Le développement clinique de médicaments disease-modifiers dans la maladie d'Alzheimer se heurte à des difficultés méthodologiques dont témoignent plusieurs échecs récents de médicaments en phase III. Compte-tenu des enjeux financiers inhérents au passage en phase III et du risque d'investir en pure perte de l'énergie pour l'évaluation d'un mauvais candidat-médicament, la question cruciale reste la décision de go/no go entre la phase II et la phase III dont l'objectif est certes de sélectionner une molécule susceptible d'être efficace en phase III mais plus encore d'écarter d'un développement ultérieur les candidats aux effets insuffisants. Aucun consensus n'existe aujourd'hui sur la meilleure conception possible des études de phase II pour tenter d'éclairer au mieux la décision de go/nogo. Les difficultés de choix de la meilleure conception d'étude concernent tout aussi bien la population-cible, les critères de jugement en particulier le recours à des biomarqueurs, le plan expérimental ou la durée des études. L'objet de la Table Ronde (TR) a été de rassembler les points de vue d'experts français issus du monde académique, industriel ou réglementaire afin d'arriver à une proposition consensuelle sur la meilleure conception possible que devraient utiliser les études de phase II dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. Maladie d'Alzheimer : phase prodromale et démenceLes membres de la TR, en complément des résultats de celle de l'an dernier, ont réaffirmé la nécessité de distinguer la maladie d'Alzheimer dans son ensemble et la démence qui ne constitue qu'une étape évolutive de la maladie. Les membres de la TR ont bien repris à leur compte la notion de phase prodromale ou pré-démentielle de la maladie qui devrait être la cible des mé-dicaments aujourd'hui en cours d'évaluation bien que l'observation des protocoles d'études déclarés sur www.clinical-trial.gov ont encore souvent des critères d'inclusion de maladie d'AlzheiPour la liste des participants, voir en fin d'article. mer au stade de la démence, même si celle-ci est au stade léger à modéré. La discussion a évidemment alors pris en compte la notion de population sélectionnée qui peut conduire les autorités réglementaires à restreindre l'indication et le remboursement à ces seules populations-cibles. Les membres de la TR ont toutefois jugé qu'il était préférable d'avoir un médicament efficace sur une population restreinte qu'aucun médicament efficace et enregistré. Disease-modifiers : cours évolutif et effet physiopathologiqueLes membres de la TR ont discuté de la notion même de disease-modifiers considérant qu'un tel candidat-médicament doit Article publié par EDP Sciences
and FC parameters had new stimuli (versus familiar stimuli). Conclusions: Eye movement behavior can accurately distinguish between NC, MCI and AD groups and MCI and AD have a similar oculomotor behavior, although they were still not significantly different in this study, possibly due to the cognitive heterogeneity of MCI group (which will be subdivided in the next step of this research). Interestingly, all oculomotor parameters were sensitive to new stimuli perception (versus familiar stimuli) across groups, possibly indicating a cognitive decline that may indicate a progression to AD.
Background:APOE ε4 genotype is associated with hippocampal atrophy and greater memory decline. Patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) carrying the APOE ε4 allele have a similar pattern of cognitive impairment as seen in patients with dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The aim was to investigate the effect of APOE ε4 on episodic memory using hippocampus-dependent visual memory binding test as a specific tool for differentiating aMCI patients with higher risk for dementia. Methods: 46 aMCI patients were tested by Episodic-Like Memory Test (EMT). The subjects were classified into the following groups according to the APOE ε4 genotype--APOE ε4 non-carriers (n¼24) and APOE ε4 carriers (n¼33). We evaluated the correct position, order and the total score on EMT. Results: The groups were similar in neuropsychological profile. Controlling for age, sex and education, we found that APOE ε4 non-carriers were better than APOE ε4 carriers with respect to the total EMT score (p¼.004), the order score (p¼.006) and the position score (p¼.012). Conclusions: The aMCI ε4 carriers appear to have a more profound visual memory binding deficit than non-carriers. EMT test could be a useful tool for identifying individuals at higher risk for AD in the heterogeneous MCI population.Background: Over recent years, the use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) b-amyloid 1-40 (Ab 1-40 ) levels for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and distinguishing AD from other dementias has increased. Especially the ratio of Ab 1-42 /Ab 1-40 is currently gaining interest. In this study we evaluated the diagnostic impact of adding Ab 1-40 to the measurements of INNOTEST b-AMYLOID (1-42) obtained according to the classical (precision-based) and modified (accuracy-based) test procedure. Methods: A set of 145 CSF samples of individuals characterized according to the NIA-AA criteria (58 AD and 87 non-AD) was analyzed at Fujirebio Europe with the INNOTEST b-AMYLOID (1-42) (cat # 81576) and the INNOTEST b-AMYLOID (1-40) (cat # 80462). For both assays, tests were performed both according to the procedure described in the product's package insert, and to a modified procedure for Ab 1-42 (e.g. longer
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