Figure 6Error induced by ignoring the dependence of distinctness on bit rate Figure 7 Measurement error when the linear fitted interference distinctness ␥ is used sig glected. If the OSNR of 0.1 nm resolution is 30 dB, which is the worst circumstance, the total ASE noise power is about y20 dB lower than the signal power because of the approximate 1 nm bandwidth of ASE noise. The typical crosstalk signal power is y30 dB lower than the signal power, so the crosstalk signal can be neglected.As a conclusion, the 0.5 dB error dynamic range reduces from the best value of 10᎐40 dB to the practical value of 10᎐30 dB. The first reason is the change of signal polarization. The other one is that we cannot measure the corresponding distinctness in each measurement. Only the linear fitted value can be used. The effect of crosstalk also contributes to this decrease. CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we introduce a novel method to monitor the optical signal-to-noise ratio in optical transport networks using a Mach᎐Zehnder interferometer. It is a simple, robust, and low-cost method. The experiments show that the method has high accuracy and a large dynamic range. The 0.5 dB error range is 10᎐40 dB for the best condition, while the practical value is 10᎐30 dB due to the effects of polarization, crosstalk, and bit rate. REFERENCES1.

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À travers Evelina, Frances Burney participe au débat houleux sur le suicide. Mais ce qu’elle critique avant tout, c’est la notion de belle mort, soulignant combien elle révèle les effets délétères de l’imposition d’une image passive sur les femmes. Si les hommes suicidaires se donnent activement la mort, les femmes, victimes de la violence masculine, se laissent simplement dépérir. Il est d’ailleurs révélateur que le mariage apparaisse dans ce roman comme la fin attendue qui met un terme à la vie des femmes. Cette omniprésence de la mort, contre laquelle la femme s’inscrit tout en s’y projetant, est à relier à son rôle dans l’écriture. La mort féminine confère une autorité qui rend possible toute une lignée de textes féminins.1