Depuis les années 1990, est constatée, en France, une baisse des volumes d’eau potable mis en distribution. Cette évolution qui se traduit par des économies d’eau bénéfiques à l’environnement (et a priori pour les usagers), ne serait peut être pas une aussi bonne nouvelle que cela. Les opérateurs des services d’eau, pour faire face à des dépenses correspondant pour l’essentiel à des coûts fixes, pourraient en effet être tentés d’augmenter le prix du mètre cube facturé. Face à une telle menace, se pose de plus en plus la question de l’opportunité d’une refonte complète des services publics de l’eau (et notamment de leur mode de financement) et d’une remise en cause du modèle des services d’eau en réseau dans le cadre d’une réorganisation de ces services à une échelle supra-locale (à proximité des usagers).
International audienceIn recent decades urban water services have been confronted by new challenges questioning their sustainability. As detailed in previous chapters of this book, there have been environmental issues and climate change issues which require more efficient use of energy and water resources; and now the rise of ‘water poverty’ provokes renewed interest into social sustainability. At the same time, full cost recovery is broadly advocated, public subsidies are coming to an end, precisely when water services are facing calls for huge investment to renew their assets. Technical, economic, and social solutions have been provided by urban water industries and regulatory agencies, demonstrating that some of these challenges can be addressed. But the institutional and functional organisation of water services is also affected by these changes, which underlines the important governance issues that arise when crises occur and change is needed in urban water management
ABSTRACT. -Between 2009 and 2013, the EAU&3E research program gathered several French research teams and water utilities, with the aim to provide a scientific answer to the following question: are our water services sustainable, even in the heart of Europe? The goal of this project was develop knowledge and improve methods to achieve a sustainable management for water services. Our ambition was to go beyond the separate analysis of each dimension of sustainable development (economic, social, environmental): in parallel and together, we tried to add knowledge on 4 major dimensions (namely: environment, economics, equity and governance), applied to a set of empirical case studies in France and in other OECD countries. We specifically focused on: a) the recent decline in water consumption and its feedbacks with water tariffs and water utilities' financial balance; b) the long term asset management issue, related to the necessary renewal of aging water infrastructures; c) the redistributive effects, including growing water poverty due to counter-intuitive effects of water tariffs; d) the new territorial scaling options for water service management (up-scaling, downscaling, technology mix), including multi-level governance to improve the resilience of urban water supply and to foster the participation of water users. Lastly, we synthesized our findings in a set of scenarios on upcoming possibilities for future water service management in European cities. Forecasting offers many interesting tools to support water services authorities and operating companies in its decisions and to better apprehend the sustainable/unsustainable paths for its future. In this paper we focus on large cities in France (Paris) and Spain (Madrid and Barcelona).Key-words: utilities, governance, sustainability, foresight, Paris-Madrid-Barcelona. Crise de l'eau urbaine en Europe, ou des modèles de sa gestion ?RÉSUMÉ. -Pendant 4 ans, le partenariat Eau&3E (ANR) a étudié la durabilité des services d'eau dans les villes européennes, en travaillant simultanément sur les 3 dimensions classiques du développement durable, ou 3 «E» (économie, environnement, équité) plus la gouvernance territoriale. Le projet a démontré que si nombre de villes conduisent des programmes allant dans le sens de la durabilité de tel ou tel de ces axes, il est plus rare qu'elles en proposent une approche intégrée. Or à moyen terme les évolutions sur un de ces axes influencent les autres axes. Afin de mieux saisir ces interactions, nous avons essayé d'améliorer les connaissances sur l'évolution de la consommation d'eau, sur les bonnes pratiques de gestion à long terme du patrimoine technique, sur les effets redistributifs des changements tarifaires, et sur les nouvelles formes de gouvernance territoriale de l'eau. Ce travail a permis d'identifier les différents facteurs qui participent à l'émergence de crises de l'eau urbaine dans les villes européennes et de mettre en lumière les trajectoires engendrées sur le long terme par les différents modèles de gestion de l'eau. Pour i...
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