This report WIII prepared an un qccount of work nponeored by an tigency of (he United S(ates Government, Neither tht onimd Stnteu Government nor any qgency thered, nor wry d' their employeen, mnken my wnrr~nty, cxpres: or implied, or nosumes nny legal Iinbility or reoporw+ bllhy for the uccurncy, completenc~a, or uwfulneoa of any inhrmution, nppnrrntua, product, or procewi dincloeed, or reprcnenln that itn UWJwou)d not infringe privnlely owned rightn, Refer. envc herein 10 rnny npcif'ic w)mmerciul product, prucmn, or !mviee by trndc nwrx, trndcmurk, munurnctu~er, or othcrwine does not neeewnrily wmtitute or Imply itn endorsement, rccom. mendution, or fuvormg hy the United SIuIcn (hwcr,.mcnt or nny ngency tbcrod The wewn und opininrtn of authors ckprenned herein do no( neoemnrily ntnte or reflect those of the { Iniwd Staten (kwernmenl or uny nsency Ibereof lIW Lon Alsnvm Nal,onal Labo?alo?v~eauesls mat tho oublmner IdenlItv Itvs amcl~00 work performed undw tho 0U9PIC44et lho U S Deportment of Energy IIMI u! ,, ,,.,, ,aa,,-.. Dimensional Analysis of Nonlinear Oscillations in Brain, Heart and MuscleG. Mayer-Kress **t'n,F. Eugene Yatest, Laurel Bentont, M. Keidel", W. Tirsch", S.J, Poppl", K. Geistti'" AkdJA we p=nt~me numerical studies on the dimensional analysis of temporal oscillations measured in the human electroencephalogram (EEG ), heart rates (HR), and muscle tremor. We show that it is insticient to characterize the individual system by a singledimension value alone. We give some detailed numerical analysis 01'the scaling structure of the attractors reconstructed from the time signal.Our methods are baaed on the concept of local gauge functions which we derive from the raw signals M well aa from the transformed signal obtained from singular value decomposetiokL. We were able to confkm and improve earlier results on the change of dimensiondit y of EEG signals, For heart rates and muscle tremor we obseme significant changes in the dimtwkxmlity aepending on the state of the eystem, We further try to indicate which factora enter dimension estimates and where specific problems lie in each of the examples, q

The sections in this article are: Representation of Muscle Properties Dimensions Used Models Real Motor Systems Summary Properties of the Contractile Unit Passive Mechanical Contributions Response to Neural Signals Interaction Between Neural and Other Inputs Functional Variations Summary Multiple Units of Muscle The Unit of Muscle Function Relationships in Multiunit Function Summary Some Measures of Muscle Function Summary Motor Functions of Muscles Final Summary Epilogue Appendix Units for Measure of Motor Function

The sections in this article are: Senescence Models in Science Senescence Is Not the Same as Aging What Senesces? System Death or Component Death Regular Phenomena Increases in Regularity with Senescence Regularity of a Variable's Time History Physical Background of Senescence Complexity Order Vertical Integration (Hierarchy) Horizontal Integration (Heterarchy) Causality Stability Energy vs. Entropy in Self‐Organization General Principle of Homeodynamic Senescence Homeodynamics Instead of Homeostasis Irreversibility and Constraints Biological Markers of Age Homeodynamics and Predictability Specifying the Homeodynamic Construct Fluctuations and Chance Counterintuitive Effects of Clamping a Homeodynamic System Environmental Potentials Clamping Redefinition of Senescence Escape from Senescence‐Induced Fatal Failures by Re‐Initialization Summary of Characteristics of Senescence as Homeodynamic Instability Aspects of Senescence Aspect Theories Generalizations from Aspect Theories Wear‐and‐Tear Revisited Reliability Theory for Machines Human Senescence as Dissipative Destruction Component Failure–Cell Culture Senescence Dissipative Destruction as Basis of Gompertz Mortality Kinetics Summary

The flow of time can be conceptualized either as a cycle or an arrow. We offer a combined view: a helix. Chronological age (geophysical time reference) is not necessarily identical to biological age (internal time reference), and aging does not necessarily imply senescence. A new scheme of senescence, based on homeodynamics (nonlinear mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics), is introduced as a plausible physical basis for understanding senescence. We propose that energy throughput, initially constructive of forms and functions, becomes destructive once most of the available degrees of freedom have been “frozen out” by the construction. Senescence becomes manifested at that point.