ABSTRACT. Although most resilience science has focused on individual-level psychosocial factors that promote individual resilience, theorists and researchers have begun to examine neurobiological and systems-level factors implicated in resilience. In this commentary we argue that the development of effective interventions to enhance resilience necessitates understanding that resilience in the individual is dependent on multiple layers of society. Further, we suggest that there is a bidirectional relationship between systems-level resilience (i.e., resilience of romantic partners, family members, neighborhoods, and larger social contexts) and individual resilience. We suggest directions for future research and interventions, with the goal of stimulating research efforts that address these questions among traumaexposed individuals.

Following recognition and referral to the appropriate service, a number of practice considerations should be made. Refugee children are likely to have different constructs of mental ill health, attributions that associate it with their asylum applications, and fears of stigma and deportation. Engaging them and alleviating such misconceptions is thus a major step towards a successful outcome. Their psychological mindedness will vary, as many refugee children first experience predominantly somatizing symptoms, and may require several attempts before accepting a trauma-focused treatment. Involving their carers and initially setting goals of, for instance, risk management while developing a trusting relationship can lead to a therapeutic phase, while they also become more adjusted in their country of reception.In conclusion, refugee children and young people pose a significant public health challenge across the world. Their complex needs require closer collaboration between mental health and non-statutory services to maximize their respective skills and resources. A comprehensive multi-modal service should include clear care pathways, case management, evidence-based traumafocused interventions, consultancy, and training.

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