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<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse group of manmade, fluorinated organic chemicals that gained notoriety for their diverse application, widespread distribution in the environment and toxicity. One of the main sources of PFAS to the environment is through aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), intended for use on fuel fires. AFFF may enter the environment through system testing, training activities, emergency use or accidental release. When AFFF enters the environment PFAS readily adsorb to porous media through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. As a result, PFAS impacted porous media may act as a long-term source of contamination to groundwater, potentially influencing water resources and human health. There is a demand for effective treatment of PFAS impacted porous media. Ball milling has emerged as a potential treatment option for PFAS, however, the viability of treating AFFF impacted porous media has been seldom explored. In this work four AFFF formulations were amended onto silica sand and milled without and with the use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a co-milling reagent. Six hour milling trials were conducted using a planetary ball mill with stainless steel grinding media. Significant destruction of perfluorosulfonic acids, perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), fluorotelomer sulfonates, fluorotelomer betaines and fluorotelomer sulfonamido betaines was observed. With the use of KOH as a co-milling reagent the total PFAS destruction percentage in all four AFFFs exceeded 90%. Greater destruction of PFAS was observed in fluorotelomer dominant AFFFs when compared to perfluoroalkyl acid dominant AFFFs. PFCAs and soluble fluoride were identified as destruction byproducts. KOH as a co-milling reagent had the effect of reducing PFCA byproduct formation and increasing fluoride recovery in three of four AFFFs. Fluoride recoveries indicate PFAS molecule defluorination occurs by ball milling. When PFAS in AFFF is compared to PFAS destruction in single analyte trials, less destruction is observed, displaying the necessity of evaluating realistic AFFF contamination events over single or multi analyte mixtures.</p>

Perfluoroocatane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluororooctanoic acid (PFOA) are perfluorinated carbons (PFCs) with varying applications for surface coatings and surfactants. They were produced in mass quantities before an overwhelming international movement to reduce production and use. As a result of manufacturing and widespread usage, distribution of the compounds in the environment and wildlife is apparent and concerning. PFOS and PFOA are highly persistent in the environment and accumulate in organisms, plants and groundwater. PFOS and PFOA concentrate in blood serum and the liver; the compounds have been noted to have negative biological implications in humans, wildlife and laboratory treated animals.  Identified as emerging contaminants worldwide, governments and organizations including Environment and Climate Change Canada, The United States Environmental Protection Agency, The European Food Safety Authority and United Nations Environmental Programme agree effects are detrimental to human and environmental health.  Remediation strategies are currently being studied and developed to identify possible technologies for full scale economical implementation. The presentation encompasses the physico-­‐chemical properties, partitioning, transport behaviour, health effects and current remediation technologies relevant to PFOS and PFOA groundwater contamination.