In a sample of 72 mothers with and without a history of depression and their adolescent children, maternal depression history, current maternal depressive symptoms, intrusive and withdrawn parental behavior, and adolescent caretaking behaviors were examined as predictors of adjustment in these youth. Two types of caretaking behaviors were examined: emotional (e.g., caring for a parent's emotional distress) and instrumental (e.g., looking after younger siblings). Although adolescents of mothers with and without a history of depression were comparable on levels of both types of caretaking, caretaking was associated with adolescents' reports of anxiety-depression and mothers' reports of social competence only for adolescents of mothers with a history of depression. Moreover, regression models showed that among children of mothers with a history of depression, emotional, but not instrumental, caretaking was related to adolescents' anxiety-depression symptoms and social competence after controlling for current parental depressive symptoms and stressful parenting behaviors. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. Keywords maternal depression; child emotional caretaking; child instrumental caretaking; at-risk youth Parental depression is a significant risk factor for emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents (Beardslee, Versage, & Gladstone, 1998). Rates of depressive symptoms and disorders in children of depressed parents far exceed base rates in the population (e.g., Hammen, 2000;Weissman, Warner, & Fendrich, 1990). Furthermore, these children are also at increased risk for other internalizing disorders and externalizing problems (Anderson & Hammen, 1993; C. T. Beck, 1999). Adolescent offspring of depressed parents may be at particularly high risk because adolescence marks a period of significant increase in psychopathology across a wide range of disorders (e.g., depression, conduct disorder, and eating disorders; Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler, & Angold, 2003). In this study, we examined adolescents' tendencies to assume caretaking responsibilities for their mothers as a possible source of risk for these youth in the context of other risk factors associated with maternal depression (mothers' current depressive symptoms and mothers' negative parental behaviors).Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jennifer E. Champion, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody College 552, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203. jennifer.champion@vanderbilt.edu. Sarah S. Jaser is now at the Yale University School of Nursing. NIH Public Access Parental Mood and BehaviorThe negative affect and behaviors of depressed mothers may contribute to a chronically stressful environment for children of these mothers, which has in turn been associated with negative psychological consequences for these children (e.g., Hammen, Brennan, & Shih, 2004). Research using direct observations of parent-child interactions has revealed significant di...

This article outlines the theory and resulting approach employed in a multilevel, integrated, collaborative community intervention called Adelante, implemented by a university-community partnership in a Latino immigrant community to address co-occurring health disparities of substance abuse, sex risk, and interpersonal violence among youth. The basis for the intervention is a social-ecological interpretation of positive youth development theory, which focuses on changes in the person environment context and community assets as a preventive mechanism. This approach is viewed as appropriate for a community facing multiple barriers to health equity. The article describes the translation of this positive youth development model to practice, including the design of the intervention, intervention components, and the protocol for evaluation. The Adelante intervention is intended to reduce health disparities and, in addition, to add a broader community model to the evidence base.

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Microwave (MW) assisted enzymatic polymerizations is an area that is largely unexplored. In the current study, the effect of MW reaction parameters on poly-o-caprolactone (PCL) properties has been investigated using a statistical design. A {3,5} modified mixture experimental design was used to identify the parameter values that gave the desired properties of PCL. The three process parameters that were tested are temperature, MW intensity, and the reaction time. Experimental results showed that in the range of values tested, temperature had the highest positive influence on the properties of PCL, whereas high MW irradiation is not desirable. A cubic regression model was developed and optimal process parameters were obtained using this model. Conducting the polymerization reaction under optimal conditions (908C, 240 min, 50 W), PCL with M n of 20,624 and polydispersity index of 1.2 were obtained. The regression model was validated by carrying out validation experiments and by 3D visualization.

We applied Photovoice, an innovative methodology, in order to enhance participation by Latino youth living in Langley Park, MD in community-based participatory research (CBPR) and in the ongoing Adelante Positive Youth Development intervention. This study sought to: 1) expand our understanding of current needs and experiences of Latino youth and update our information on the evolving Marketplace; 2) involve youth in the process of developing CBPR intervention and social marketing components; and 3) build skills in photography, critical thinking, and community activism among Latino youth. Using Photovoice, we engaged twelve Latino youth, including six recently arrived to the U.S. and six second generation immigrants, in a dialogue about peer, family, community, and health issues affecting Latinos. Through six sessions, participants developed photography skills, used photographs to stimulate critical thinking and discussion, and suggested solutions for emergent issues. Sixty pictures selected for group discussion all corresponded to one of the three main domains of inquiry: 1) Strengths and needs of Langley Park, 2) Latino youth experiences, and 3) Community health assets and risks. Participants organized a photography exhibition and community forum to raise awareness about important findings. Both recently arrived and second generation Latino youth have important perspectives to share that guide and refine ongoing targeted CBPR interventions. Findings from this study shed light on the most relevant topics for community-based interventions, advocacy, and social marketing campaigns needed in this community. Photovoice is a useful tool for social marketing formative research targeting immigrant youth sub-groups.